Discussion about relevance of ethical theories in ict industry

Question: Discuss about theRelevance of Ethical Theories in ICT Industry. Answer: Introduction: From the beginning the ICT industry is an industry of debate and controversy due to the security concerns and ethics related issues. Therefore it is important to address the different ethical issues in the ICT industry. Primarily this issues includes privacy, intellectual content right and violation of different ethical principles. The purpose of this report is to address the relevance of different ethical theories in the operations and practices of ICT industry. Moreover, this essay also finds out the connection between the code of ethics like ACS, ACM, and IEEE code of ethics and different ethical theories. This particular assignment firmly focuses on analyzing the relevance of Ethical theory in ICT industry. This study discusses the different ethical theories that relevant to ICT industry. Compare and contrast all the theories with examples. Moreover, this essay also explain the relevance of ethical theories with the code of ethics Discussion and Analysis Discussion about Different Ethical Theories Ethics can be defined as moral standards that is helpful for people to guide their actions, behaviour and choices. Hence it is important to provide guidelines to users so that they can combat with different malicious attacks on availability, confidentiality and integrity of electronic system and data (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). Ethics in information and communication technology helps users to avoid different possible dangers like fraud and forgery; cyber offences related to ownership of content like violations of intellectual property rights.There are different ethical principles that are followed in Information and communication technology (Stahl et al. 2014). This list of theories includes theory of beneficence, theory of least harm, respect to autonomy, theory of utilitarianism, theory of deontology, theory of rights and lastly theory of virtue. Theory of virtue: This ethical theory judges a person by their character and not by their actions that may change from their normal behaviour (Crossler et al. 2013). It considers an individuals reputation, morals and their motivation while rating his/ her irregular behaviour. The weakness of this theory is it does not consider an individuals change in moral character. Therefore it becomes impossible to determine the deviation of someones moral from his/ her regular behaviour (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). Theory of Rights: In this ethical theory, main aim is to protect rights that are established by society. These rights are protected since these are ethically correct and endorsed by a large number of people from the society (Crossler et al. 2013). The major drawback of this ethical theory is, it is almost impossible to determine the unethical until someone has the idea about the characteristics of right in a particular society. The society determines that which rights are to be upheld and which are going to be given to its citizens (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). Hence to effectively use the theory of rights it needs to be used in combination with another theory that determines particular goals and priorities of a certain society. Theory of Beneficence: The theory of beneficence helps the decision maker helps the decision maker to choose between right and wrong (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). This theory helps to have a possible and acceptable solution for an ethical question or dilemma (Stahl et al. 2014). This theory is mainly associated with utilitarian ethical theory. Theory of least harm: This theory deals with situations in which no decision seems to be beneficial. In this situations decision is made to do least harm (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). It is done since the harm is unavoidable and to minimize the effect of the harm to a lesser number of people. Theory of Deontology: The ethical theories of this class suggest that users should abide by the obligations and responsibilities when they are making decisions and ethics has its role in this process (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). According to this theory, a user who adhere deontological theory is very consistent with his/her decisions as those decisions are based upon their duties. Since information communication technology is used as tool of gathering knowledge, therefore it is important to protect the rights which are already considered as legal in different regions of world. According to Daz-Campo and Segado-Boj (2015), violations of these rights created new problems like cyber-crime, digital security related concerns. These issues had affected users of ICT in direct or indirect way (Crossler et al. 2013). In the countries where internet and other ICT technologies are used widely, absence of ethical guidelines has caused huge harm to the business, governmental organization or to individuals. Comparison and Contrast Between Different Theories Comparison between Deontology and virtue theory: The deontology theory states that an action is ethical if it is based on some principle or any moral rule (Stahl,Eden, Jirotka and Coeckelbergh 2014). Again according to virtue theory actions rightness is determined according to the circumstances in which they are taken. According to deontology morals rules are those which require rationality. In case of virtue theory the decisions are dependent on the acts of virtuous agents (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). The virtue is a character trait that is needed by people to live well in the society. Relativist vs. Objectivist: In case of relativist, he/she thinks moral or ethical principles do not reflect absolute truth but changes its meaning relatively according to the cultural, historical and personal references (Ifinedo 2012). On the other hand, objectivist thinks that ethical principles are a set of values which will guide an individuals actions and choices. In general it can be said that relativism is dependent on the different variables depending on different scenarios. The normal and moral behaviour is defined in every culture. Therefore, it is not necessary that an act of a professional considered right in a culture is also right in another culture (Hersh 2015). In this way different organizations in different cultures have conflicts between them. On the contrary, objectivism provides a concrete and exact definition of things. Therefore, for an ICT practice relativism determines its rightness depending upon the circumstances (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). On the contrary objectivism gives a concrete definition for the rightness of a particular practice. Objectivism states that, certain moral principles are valid for all individuals and cultures of a specific region. Deontology vs. Consequentialism: The word deontology comes from Greek word Deon, which means duty (Ifinedo 2012). The deontological ethical theories primarily have three features. According to this theory the duty should be done for dutys sake. According to this theory, ICT professionals should take decisions that are based on rules and fulfils their duty. In deontology the action is taken in a situation without thinking about the product of the action (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). This theory states that at least some actions are morally obligatory. On the contrary the theory of consequentialism is a way of justifying professionals actions, by considering the consequences of the taken decision. This theory concentrates on maximizing the good for a taken action or decision (Hersh 2015). Statement of Professional Code of Ethics (ACS) ACS is abbreviation of Australian computer society. This society can be thought as a guardian of ethics for the Australian ICT industry. Hence it has developed a standard of ethics and codes of conduct for the information and communication technology professionals (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). The codes are related to priorities, honesty, competence, social implication and professional development. Code of ethics of a company or organization helps it by setting out the values that strengthen the code and will depicts organizations obligation to its stakeholders. According to the code of ethics of ACS an ICT professional should serve according to the interests of their employers and clients. In general they should serve the interest of community (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). They should be honest about representing skills, services and knowledge. Moreover, the professional should enhance the quality of livelihood of the people who will be affected by his/her work. At the same time professional should also enhance their own professional development. At last the code of ethics endorses professionalism (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015. Professionalism in code of ethics states that, professionals should enhance the integrity of society and respect other members of ACS. The ethical code of competence states that a professional should accept only those tasks or works that he/she is competent to perform. Therefore individuals should be aware of their limitations and obligations (Crossler et al. 2013). This professional code implies that professionals should not misrepresent their own skills and knowledge. This code is supported by ethical theory of deontology. As it is not possible for an individual to have knowledge about all aspects or facets information and communication technology, therefore it is important to recognize the need of additional expertise and knowledge whenever required. Being a new industry, ICT is characterized by rapid changes in this specific field. Therefore, it is important to increase and improve confidence of people in the ICT industry (Daz-Campo and Segado-Boj 2015). In order to do this the professionals should refrained from any action in their professional role that can harm the image of the ICT profession (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). All this are important to depict professionalism for a professional. This professional code is driven by ethical theory of virtue. Connection Between the Professional Code of Ethics and Ethical Theories The ethical theories provides us a set of rules or framework that helps users to identify the problem, parties that are going to be harmed and parties involved in implementation of the course of action to resolve a particular ethical question (Crossler et al. 2013). Most of the theories provide a common framework to resolve any ethical issue in ICT industry. In order to resolve an ethical question the following steps are used, Collection of information: t first gathering of relevant facts and information about the particular ethical problem is done. At this stage assumptions related to the problem is removed and it is investigated that if any regulatory body or person can help in the problem. Identification of effected parties: In this stage the organizations, stake holders and individuals who can be affected by the problem are identified. Moreover, the conflicts between different stake holders and the way they are going to be affected by the ethical issue are discussed (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). Ethical issues involved: At this stage the ethical issues which are involved in the problem scenario are identified. Particularly the organizational, professional and personal ethical issues are investigated (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). In addition to this, effect of these ethical issues on information and telecommunication industry is also checked at this stage. Identification of fundamental principles: Here it is investigated that which are the fundamental principles that will be affected like, Integrity, professional behaviour, confidentiality and competence (Crossler et al. 2013). After the identification, course of action is determined which includes use of organizational policies, guidelines and other applicable laws and regulations to resolve the ethical question. Conclusion It is important set some standard or ethical rules to refrain professionals and ordinary peoples from different illegal and unethical actions. Often professionals feel that legal actions are the moral actions too, but its not true in all cases. Therefore, enforcing the ethical rules moral decisions are need to be justified according to the rules and regulations of a particular profession. These values help professionals to act with responsibility and integrity in all of their professional dealings. Being a new technology, the ethical questions related to it are more abstract. Therefore the issues and there possible solutions are unknown and results are uncertain. It is crucial that, professionals should have prior understanding of different ethical issues that may arise later. In addition to this, the enforcement of code of ethics will help the professionals the responsibilities and duties related to the profession. There is a growing demand for taking ethical design in to account in ICT industry. References Crossler, R.E., Johnston, A.C., Lowry, P.B., Hu, Q., Warkentin, M. and Baskerville, R., 2013. Future directions for behavioral information security research.computers security,32, pp.90-101 Daz-Campo, J. and Segado-Boj, F., 2015. Journalism ethics in a digital environment: How journalistic codes of ethics have been adapted to the Internet and ICTs in countries around the world.Telematics and Informatics,32(4), pp.735-744. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P.H., Borning, A. and Huldtgren, A., 2013. Value sensitive design and information systems. InEarly engagement and new technologies: Opening up the laboratory(pp. 55-95). Springer Netherlands. Gillespie, T. and Ananny, M., 2015. Introduction.Information, Communication Society,18(3), pp.251-254. Hansen, J.M. and Walden, E., 2013. The role of restrictiveness of use in determining ethical and legal awareness of unauthorized file sharing.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(9), pp.521-549. Hersh, M., 2015. Ethical Engineering: Definitions, Theories and Techniques. InEthical Engineering for International Development and Environmental Sustainability(pp. 15-62). Springer London. Ifinedo, P., 2012. Understanding information systems security policy compliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory.Computers Security,31(1), pp.83-95. Lennerfors, T.T., Fors, P. and van Rooijen, J., 2015. ICT and environmental sustainability in a changing society: The view of ecological World Systems Theory.Information Technology People,28(4), pp.758-774. Lindley, D., Aynsley, B., Driver, M., Godfrey, R., Hart, R., Heinrich, G., Unhelkar, B. and Wilkinson, K., 2013. 11. Educating for professionalism in ICT: Is learning ethics professional development?.Professionalism in the Information and Communication Technology Industry,3, p.211 Miano, R., Aller, C.F., Anguera, . and Portillo, E., 2015. Introducing ethical, social and environmental issues in ICT engineering degrees.Journal of Technology and Science Education,5(4), pp.272-285. Mutula, S.M., 2013. Ethical Dimension of the Information Society: implications for Africa.Information Ethics in Africa: Cross-Cutting Themes, Pretoria: AC, pp.29-42. Ocholla, D. and Britz, J., 2013. Complexities in Understanding and Developin Information Ethics in Africa.Mousaion,31(2). Shin, S.K., 2015. Teaching critical, ethical and safe use of ICT in pre-service teacher education.Language Learning and Technology,19(1), pp.181-197. Slade, S. and Prinsloo, P., 2013. Learning analytics ethical issues and dilemmas.American Behavioral Scientist,57(10), pp.1510-1529. Stahl, B.C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M. and Coeckelbergh, M., 2014. From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems.Information Management,51(6), pp.810-818. Whitehouse, D., Duquenoy, P., Kimppa, K.K., Burmeister, O.K., Gotterbarn, D., Kreps, D. and Patrignani, N., 2016. Twenty-five years of ICT and society: codes of ethics and cloud computing.ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,45(3), pp.18-24. Obalola, M., Aduloju, K. and Olowokudejo, F., 2012. Organizational commitment and corporate ethical values: exploring the nexus between employees' psychological contract and firms' ethical behaviour in the Nigerian Insurance Industry.Journal of Management and Sustainability,2(1), p.43.

Money Does Not Grow on Tree free essay sample

In this modern society, what is the most important thing that people depend on to survive? Needless to say, it is money. Undeniably, money is needed for almost everything that we want. We need money to buy food, to have a place to live in, to go to school, to sit on the bus or even to go to a public toilet. There is an idiom which goes: â€Å"Money does not grow on trees†. It is used to warn us to spend money carefully as most of us don’t have a lot of it. In short, money is as vital as the air we breathe in as without money we cannot establish ourselves in society. Since money does not grow on trees, where do we get money? Realistically speaking, it is hard work that enables us to have money. That is why most of us engage in some sort of work to earn a living. We will write a custom essay sample on Money Does Not Grow on Tree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In metropolitan cities such Kuala Lumpur, we can see many workaholics leave their houses early in the morning and come back home when the sun sets. Some even work on extra shifts until midnight. The competition for money is so fierce that everyone cannot slack in their work. However, the minority of lucky people, don’t need to start from scratch or start their business on a shoestring because they inherit wealth from their families. There are even more fortunate people who make gross unexpected wealth through a lottery ticket. But this kind of windfall is just a flash in the pan. Thus money is only valued by those who earn it by hard toil. This is because when we earn money through the blood and sweat of labour, we will spend it wisely and lavishly. Consider a man who gets his money by a stroke of luck or through a family inheritance. He only knows that money can buy fame or bring him many luxuries and pleasures. He entirely lacks the good habit of how spending frugally. He will spend freely without any planning. More often than not, such a person will end up in poverty. So, the most practical manner to accumulate wealth is through hard work, not counting on any windfall. An English proverb tells us that a penny saved is a penny earned. We, therefore need to be wise in the way we spend and always put aside enough money for a rainy day. Some people find that what they have never seems to be enough. That’s why we need to have a budget. In a budget, we carefully plan our expenditure according to priority. For example , the priority of a student should be his studies and not the must haves like trendy clothes, PSP, expensive gadgets and so on. By working out a budget, we are able to spend our money on the right priorities and avoid keeping up with the Joneses or succumbing to peer pressure to possess the latest and the best of everything. Indeed, working out a budget is the basic money management skill which will enable us to have a foothold in a future thriving business. Nowadays, it can be seen that a major obstacle to spending thriftily is the absence of saving. Saving is important especially for financial emergencies. To inculcate this virtue, we should consider the necessity of the things we purchase. Our brains should never ever be saturated by the thought of creature comfort . We ought to ask ourselves whether a particular item we intend to buy is necessary or not. Through this deep consideration ,a large amount of money can be saved from the pockets businessmen. We can also put the remainder of our daily allowance into a piggy bank, while bigger amounts of money can be deposited in banks. Of course, we can apply for a loan from other people, but it is even more satisfying if we can dig into our own pockets ,for any amount needed ,without worrying that our plea will be turned down. Unfortunately, some people resort to unscrupulous methods to get larger amounts of money. Many of the means are not what we call decent. We can read news about conmen or scams that defraud innocent people. To amass one’s riches, many sins crop up in our world: bankers and goldsmiths are held at gunpoint, burglars break into houses, thugs extort from innocent victims and so on. Even some government workers are not spared from this foul and corrupt chain. Policemen take bribes and employees embezzle. When our rationale is veiled by the charisma of money, we usually make blunders and allow money to rule our lives . In a nutshell, we won’t get any money without hard work as there’s no shortcut to wealth. If we are too greedy to become rich, we will reap all the evil that the love of money brings about. Hence, the only way to earn a living is through industry and diligence as money does not grow on trees. While we can get by with whatever money we have, we need to work out a financial plan as the key to financial advancement is to be careful when spending money . We are humans bestowed with wisdom by Providence. Therefore, we ought to be smart when making purchases. Once we master the skill of restraint, we’ll find out that we don’t need an item so badly after all. Most importantly, money should be earned legally or else we will be entrapped by the evil lure of money.

Sample Essay on the Zika Virus

Sample Essay on the Zika VirusIf you are a mother concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to start vaccinating your children against the Zika virus, you may want to consider writing a sample essay on the Zika virus. This may be a great way to make an impression in your area and help keep yourself and your child safe while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family.Writing a sample essay on the Zika virus is easy, but it does take work to write. You will need to research the details and the issues related to the Zika virus, and also research some facts about the disease itself. It is best to do this research ahead of time, before the summer arrives so that you can come up with some well thought out questions to ask when the doctor's visit.For those with a family member or friend who has been recently diagnosed with a communicable disease such as the Zika virus, or a child who has lost a loved one to a communicable disease, there is a sample essay on the Zika virus that you may want to use as a guide. Not only will this make it easier for you to find the information you need, but it can also help you formulate questions to ask your doctor and medical staff, if they have a more complex procedure to complete. This is one essay that many parents will find invaluable to helping them prepare for the process ahead.Having a sample essay on the Zika virus is not necessary. As a matter of fact, it is sometimes difficult to even locate this type of information online. Many of the websites that provide information about the virus do not offer any sort of sample essay on the Zika virus at all. You may have to hunt around in your local library or through local libraries online to find the information you need, or you may have to phone your doctor to get any assistance.The downside to having to do this is that you may lose out on the opportunity to speak with a doctor's office staff, who can p oint you in the right direction when you have questions that require further details or clarification. Because of this, many parents choose to write an essay on the Zika virus on their own, or in partnership with their child's physician.By making sure that you are able to interview your physician before you go ahead with a procedure, you will be able to ensure that you and your child are as safe as possible, as well as allow you to discuss the particular things that you are interested in doing. Although you may not be able to get any other assistance from the doctor, at least you will have an idea of what you can expect.In summary, if you are concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to be aware of the issues related to the Zika virus, a sample essay on the Zika virus may be a good idea. This is one essay that can be used to help keep yourself and your child healthy while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family.

Sample Essay on the Zika Virus

Sample Essay on the Zika VirusIf you are a mother concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to start vaccinating your children against the Zika virus, you may want to consider writing a sample essay on the Zika virus. This may be a great way to make an impression in your area and help keep yourself and your child safe while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family.Writing a sample essay on the Zika virus is easy, but it does take work to write. You will need to research the details and the issues related to the Zika virus, and also research some facts about the disease itself. It is best to do this research ahead of time, before the summer arrives so that you can come up with some well thought out questions to ask when the doctor's visit.For those with a family member or friend who has been recently diagnosed with a communicable disease such as the Zika virus, or a child who has lost a loved one to a communicable disease, there is a sample essay on the Zika virus that you may want to use as a guide. Not only will this make it easier for you to find the information you need, but it can also help you formulate questions to ask your doctor and medical staff, if they have a more complex procedure to complete. This is one essay that many parents will find invaluable to helping them prepare for the process ahead.Having a sample essay on the Zika virus is not necessary. As a matter of fact, it is sometimes difficult to even locate this type of information online. Many of the websites that provide information about the virus do not offer any sort of sample essay on the Zika virus at all. You may have to hunt around in your local library or through local libraries online to find the information you need, or you may have to phone your doctor to get any assistance.The downside to having to do this is that you may lose out on the opportunity to speak with a doctor's office staff, who can p oint you in the right direction when you have questions that require further details or clarification. Because of this, many parents choose to write an essay on the Zika virus on their own, or in partnership with their child's physician.By making sure that you are able to interview your physician before you go ahead with a procedure, you will be able to ensure that you and your child are as safe as possible, as well as allow you to discuss the particular things that you are interested in doing. Although you may not be able to get any other assistance from the doctor, at least you will have an idea of what you can expect.In summary, if you are concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to be aware of the issues related to the Zika virus, a sample essay on the Zika virus may be a good idea. This is one essay that can be used to help keep yourself and your child healthy while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family.

Free Essays on Hy The Internet Has Becoome Important In Business Today

Why has the Internet become so Important to Businesses Today? The Internet represents a revolutionary medium for accessing and dissmeninating information. Many people have their working lives and productivity greatly enhanced by it and many more will do so in the future. Its traditions and free exchange and sharing have generated an open and liberal environment for the amassing and exchange of information. Its result has been a constantly expanding store of openly accessible on-line information, and an effective means of making one's own information globally available. Thousands of businesses use the internet in one way or another and there are myriad reasons why the business community should be connected to the internet; indeed, one of the fastest growing segments of the internet today is commercial. This essay will ask the question: What is the internet? As well as discuss its growth rate and popularity. Finally, during the course of this essay, the reasons why businesses see it as so important will be raised. Firstly, the internet is a network of networks consisting of over 40 000 autonomous networks. On the internet, one can exchange e-mail, access and participate in discussion forums, search databases, transfer files and so forth. Businesses can thus check stocks and shares, look at the current news, keep in contact with other firms across the globe, shop for software, and even search the internet for a potential employee through its on-line career centre. The internet therefore provides easy, fast communication for a vast community of network users throughout the world. There is a vast amount of information out there and it is growing fast. It is growing because a number of key conditions have come together. These include the capacity of the network infrastructure which has greatly increased; new software tolls are helping us to realise dreams of world wide, rapid distribution of information via attractive interfaces; more... Free Essays on Hy The Internet Has Becoome Important In Business Today Free Essays on Hy The Internet Has Becoome Important In Business Today Why has the Internet become so Important to Businesses Today? The Internet represents a revolutionary medium for accessing and dissmeninating information. Many people have their working lives and productivity greatly enhanced by it and many more will do so in the future. Its traditions and free exchange and sharing have generated an open and liberal environment for the amassing and exchange of information. Its result has been a constantly expanding store of openly accessible on-line information, and an effective means of making one's own information globally available. Thousands of businesses use the internet in one way or another and there are myriad reasons why the business community should be connected to the internet; indeed, one of the fastest growing segments of the internet today is commercial. This essay will ask the question: What is the internet? As well as discuss its growth rate and popularity. Finally, during the course of this essay, the reasons why businesses see it as so important will be raised. Firstly, the internet is a network of networks consisting of over 40 000 autonomous networks. On the internet, one can exchange e-mail, access and participate in discussion forums, search databases, transfer files and so forth. Businesses can thus check stocks and shares, look at the current news, keep in contact with other firms across the globe, shop for software, and even search the internet for a potential employee through its on-line career centre. The internet therefore provides easy, fast communication for a vast community of network users throughout the world. There is a vast amount of information out there and it is growing fast. It is growing because a number of key conditions have come together. These include the capacity of the network infrastructure which has greatly increased; new software tolls are helping us to realise dreams of world wide, rapid distribution of information via attractive interfaces; more...

Understanding Citizen Journalism

Understanding Citizen Journalism Citizen journalism involves private individuals, who are normally the consumers of journalism, generating their own news content. Citizens collect, report, analyze, and disseminate news and information, just as professional journalists would, creating what is known as user-generated content. These amateur journalists produce news in many forms, ranging from a podcast editorial to a report about a city council meeting on a blog, and is usually digital in nature. It can also include text, pictures, audio, and video. Social media plays a major role in disseminating news and promoting citizen journalism content. Since the general public has 24/7 access to technology, citizens are often the first on-scene for breaking news, getting these stories out more quickly than traditional media reporters. However, unlike professional journalists, citizen journalists may not have conducted the same background research and source verification, which can make these leads less reliable. Collaborations vs. Independent Reporting Citizens are able to contribute content, in one form or another, to existing professional news sites. This collaboration can be seen through readers posting their comments alongside stories written by professional reporters, like a 21st-century version of a letter to the editor. To prevent obscene or objectionable messages, many websites require readers to register in order to post. Readers are also adding their information to articles written by professional journalists. For instance, a reporter may do an article about disparities in gas prices around town. When the story appears online, readers can post information about gas prices in areas not covered in the original story and even offer tips on where to buy cheaper gas. This collaboration allows both citizen and professional journalists to craft a story together. Reporters might even ask readers with expertise in particular areas to send them information on that topic or even do some of their own reporting. That information is then incorporated into the final story. Some amateur journalists operate fully independent of traditional, professional news outlets. This can include blogs in which individuals can report on events in their communities or offer commentary on the issues of the day, YouTube channels where citizens give their own news reports and commentaries, and even unofficial print publications. Revolutionizing News Citizen journalism was once hailed as a revolution that would make news-gathering a more democratic process - one that would no longer solely be the province of professional reporters. It has had a significant impact on todays news, with many believing that citizen journalism is a threat to professional and traditional journalism. Social media has played a vital role in revolutionizing news. Many citizens are the first to report on breaking stories, with eye-witness videos, first-hand accounts, and real-time information, all using social media. Even news outlets will share breaking stories on social media before traditional means, but they have to still follow up with larger stories quickly or risk being outdated with their material in this fast-paced news environment. Social media doesnt just play a role in disseminating citizen-generated news; it also stands as a source for professional journalists to identify the stories they need to cover. A 2016 study by Cision indicated that more than 50% of professional journalists used social media to find and build stories. Despite its vast impact on our daily news, citizen journalism is not without its flaws. The biggest concern is the reliability of news, including fact-checking and the risk of incorrect information being disseminated.

Alliances and the Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alliances and the Airline Industry - Essay Example Deregulation of the airline industry in the United States in 1978 led to the formation of the alliance. The deregulation was the most notable event that brought about the radical changes within the industry. M. Potter claims that Alliances are a means to extend or reinforce competitive advantage, and not a sustainable means of creating it. Oum, Taylor, and Zhang (1993) offer a universal definition: a worldwide airline network composed of a group of related airlines that provide services to consumers. They do so through a common computer system, automatic baggage transfer system, fares and ticketing, joint marketing, code sharing of flights and coordinated flight schedules. This paper will discuss the extent to which alliances have become a characteristic of the airline industry. Why did airlines come about? Deregulation of the airline industry lead to the formulation of alliances. The effects of deregulation were quick to filter though it took almost a decade for the European countri es to follow. The airlines could now choose the ways they wanted to take and fix the prices as they found it fit without any regulatory interventions. It thus enabled airlines to work according to demand-supply and other market factors. Airlines gained their freedom, and they had to fend for themselves in taking careful steps in order to walk the paths of positive financial bottom lines. Globalisation has set in new rules and with Increased Competition for and from new markets, the ground markets have altered airlines to adapt slowly to these challenges. Alliances have contributed highly to solving such problems as described by Harrigan (1988, p.67). With the Privatisation and unpredictability of the new market and its inherent vulnerability to global incidences, the industry had to adapt itself to aliening with the privatised industries as a survival mechanism. From basic code-sharing agreements, these alliances have come along the way, and today involve a closer co-operation betwe en partners. They ensured they integrated with even the non-flying partners like hotels and credit card companies. The hotels and credit companies play an extremely significant function in the development of the global airline industry. Airlines had to integrate their flight Routes by flying from shared hub points and common terminals and coordinating their flight schedules. Thus, passengers who want to connect from one alliance partner to another can do so with little inconvenience and effort. Airlines in an alliance offer fares that favour a combination of alliance partners because they have an integrated route network in place. This includes fares around the world that display the alliance global network. It permits travellers to travel round the earth entirely using the members of a single alliance leading to the Low Cost Revolution. Member airlines have linked their mileage programs in order to satisfy the consumer craving for miles. This helps them to reward travellers for fly ing within the alliance network. M. porter says that Alliances are frequently transitional devices. They proliferate in industries undergoing structural change or escalating competition, where managers fear they cannot cope. They are an indication to uncertainty, and comfort provider. Strategy and airline alliances De la Sierra (1995) claims that in order to gain a competitive advantage in the global marketplace an alliance has to be internationally strategic. It must posses the following