tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71981381987993614542024-02-08T10:43:39.006-08:00How to write an essay in englishiseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.comBlogger170125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-34198053784359635942020-08-24T17:54:00.001-07:002020-08-24T17:54:10.284-07:00Cellular Manufacturing System Free EssaysWhat is Lean? Running an activity lean methods: Removal of misuse of various types (e. g. time, movement, stock, poor expense of value, and so on. We will compose a custom article test on Cell Manufacturing System or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now ) An association that animates profitability and quality An association utilizing esteem included procedures Low Quality = High Waste High Quality = Low Waste and Higher Value There are a few different ways to be Leanâ⬠TQM Six Sigma SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die) PM/TPM (Preventive Maintenance/Total Preventive Maintenance) JIT (Just In Time) Continuous Improvement/Kaizen And Many Moreâ⬠¦ Cell MANUFACTURING: MANUFACTURING A Lean Manufacturing Concept Cellular Manufacturing One of these lean practices, cell fabricating, depends on a gathering of various procedures situated in closeness to make a gathering of comparative items. The main role of cell producing is to lessen process duration and inventories to meet market reaction times. A portion of different advantages include: Space Reduction Quality Improvement Labor Cost Reduction Improved Machine Utilization Where might you start? In the first place, you would characterize the cell you intend to make. Standards required for characterizing the cell would be founded on: Processes Required Part Numbers Attributes (size, shape, crude materials required) Market sections/clients Degree of Automation By Jay P. Patel, Principle Consultant, Quality Productivity Solutions, Inc. Copyrightâ ©2000 by Jay Patel Cellular assembling is a use of the gathering innovation ideas for manufacturing plant reconfiguration and shop floor format structure. A section family can be parts comparable in size or parts made utilizing comparable assembling steps. Normally, a cell is committed to a solitary part family. Cell fabricating has some significant human asset issues to consider: Operators must be prepared appropriately to perform errands including review and straightforward upkeep Cross useful preparing is basic since administrators play out an assortment of assignments and move among workstations and cells as the need emerges Operators ought to be prepared on Team Building Supervisors become Coaches. Cell groups require just direction. Chiefs encourage, help nd control the general exertion. Pay issues: Cell workers for the most part get the more significant salary since they are better able to carry out numerous responsibilities. We suggest usage of a motivation program that gives impetuses based on results and steady enhancements. The executives might be worried that there will be obstruction from workers when the outcome is in reality inverse. Normally, any underlying obstruction vanishes once representatives comprehend the succes s win circumstance within reach. Cells need support from a few capacities including item building, material administration, fabricating designing, QC/QA, upkeep and the board. It is fundamental to usage achievement that this help is submitted, obvious and predictable. Group Selection Most critical to the execution of cell fabricating is group determination. To help figure out who is ideal to remember for your group, distinguish the abilities required for each progression by making a Process Map. Explain the jobs and duties of the jobs you need filled. When the aptitudes are distinguished, decide the potential colleagues. Disclose to potential individuals what the idea of the assignment is and figure out their advantage. What will you search for in your colleagues? Understanding the significance of choosing the correct group can't be overemphasized. Both goal and specialized models ought to be built up, remembering aptitudes for: cooperation relational abilities administration aptitudes change adjustment positive reasoning Develop an agenda for choosing these individuals dependent on the requirements of the phone. This can likewise be utilized in defining objectives for the individuals who wish to develop in their own ranges of abilities. 2 From here you should do some arranging. You should meet with influenced Supervisors to examine: Overall need Current structure and plans Current specialists and relative intensity of group pioneers Potential colleagues and the help they will require Negotiate to procure individuals most appropriate for the group. Renegotiate as important with the assistance of the executives and a definite usage plan. Ability Matrices Match aptitudes to undertakings. Make a network to characterize who is best able to perform explicit assignments. This will be the archive utilized for getting your group to the task: supporting in acquiring duty just as imparting duties and desires. Figure out what preparing is required and actualize a preparation plan. Ensure correspondence lines are set up, open and all around utilized. The accomplishment of the program is dependent upon the group dynamic and the objectives set. Correspondence is keyââ¬learn to tune in and help other people to do likewise. What are the correspondence channels and connections? Who gives and who anticipates what? Could the colleagues achieve the undertakings allocated? Group Management Develop trust and give the group motivation to be persuaded. Figure out how to oversee camaraderie and make a framework to support cooperation. Make your group a case of how effective groups cause incredible things to occur. Start with a pilot cellââ¬be sure the item family picked has the most potential for progress. Reserve if conceivable to give a substitute source during usage. At the point when changes are essential, convey the purpose behind these adjustments so as to pick up acknowledgment and comprehension from your group. Be certain about execution. Planning the Cell configuration ought to be founded on your undertaking needs. Remember the accompanying when planning the cell: item life cycle consistent, streaming work through the cell legitimate allotment of assets for measuring and tooling forceful update of hardware and procedures cell advancement is transformative and consistently in a condition of motion difficulties in office changes because of structure and age Involve your group and their insight in the development of the phone. Understanding throughput is fundamental to cell developmentââ¬do not think little of the commitment and acknowledgment of the group once the idea is comprehended. At last, the coordinations and cell development is just a little piece of the fight. Making a culture where a group can thrive is the crucial step. This errand requires a genuine pioneer. Would you be able to address the difficulty? - JPP 3 Instructions to refer to Cellular Manufacturing System, Essay models iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-42126635065699561682020-08-22T22:24:00.001-07:002020-08-22T22:24:10.811-07:00Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Example for Free (#3)Investigate the sensational adequacy in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Show (623) , Romeo and Juliet (446) , Capulet (321) , Lady Capulet (110) , County Paris (19) , Juliet (12) organization About StudyMoose Contact Professions Help Center Give a Paper Legitimate Terms and Conditions Security Policy Objections Taking a gander at the characters and language in Romeo and Juliet, break down the sensational adequacy in Act 3, Scene 5 William Shakespeare composed ââ¬Å"Romeo and Julietâ⬠in 1954, in spite of the fact that the fundamental plot can be followed back as ahead of schedule as the third century. In the play, Shakespeare depends intensely on the sonnet ââ¬Å"The Tragicall History of Romeus and Julietâ⬠by Arthur Brooke. The greater part of the individuals in the Elizabethan time were sufficiently discerning to focus on how the play was being performed and drawn in themselves in the language the characters were utilizing. Shakespeareââ¬â¢s crowds had various desires towards his play, the same number of them perceived the story as of now, they were sufficiently settled to watch it giving the dramatistââ¬â¢s understanding end up being one of a kind and unique. I have been taking a gander at Act 3, Scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet have recently been furtively hitched. The scene opens with the two darlings separating rapidly after the Nurse educates Juliet her mom is quickly drawing nearer. Effectively an emotional air is made, the crowd is practically hanging tight for Romeo and Juliet to be gotten out, this they know can basically not occur. Juliet is justifiably sorrowful; Romeo is thoughtful towards her, indicating he truly thinks about her: ââ¬Å"I will exclude no open door That will pass on my welcome, love, to theeâ⬠All this is in contrast with later scenes in the play demonstrating Juliet singular and unsupported. Between the two darlings, there is an extraordinary contrast, Romeo shows up more idealistic than Juliet who is loaded with dread, detecting hunches of her next observing Romeo dead in a burial place. Her feelings influence the crowd, making them uncertain and tense: ââ¬Å"O God, I have an evil divining soul! Methinks I see thee, presently thou craftsmanship so low As one dead in the base of a burial place. â⬠The crowd hears these cruel, serious words and are helped to remember Romeoââ¬â¢s before frightening feeling that he would bite the dust youthful: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦. My psyche misgives Some outcome not yet hanging in the starsâ⬠¦.. By come contemptible relinquish of less than ideal passing. â⬠A chilling impact is made on those survey the play as they begin to acknowledge and comprehend the hugeness of the two hunches. By thinking over into prior scenes, sensational adequacy is made. Juliet utilizes language that shows how she is dreadful of how her existence with Romeo could undoubtedly be devastated. She addresses him unequivocally, demonstrating a solid complexity to her delicate words utilized already. The solid bond that has been made between the two darlings before the audienceââ¬â¢s eyes is quickly going to be crushed; strain is made as a result of this inclination. This pressure continues and turns out to be colossally more prominent as the updates on County Parisââ¬â¢ proposition is first known about. The crowd watch, effectively mindful of the proposition, as the news is given to a very stunned Juliet. They stand by restlessly for Julietââ¬â¢s purpose as she learns of it, thus a sensational viability is thrown over them. The scene is made successful by the utilization of incongruity from Lady Capulet. As Lady Capulet alludes to her ââ¬Å"joyful tidingsâ⬠and Julietââ¬â¢s reaction is incidentally a satisfied one: ââ¬Å"And happiness comes well in such a penniless timeâ⬠But then the crowd sees the genuine explanation of Lady Capuletââ¬â¢s declaration and the faltering of the pivotal words ends up being exceptionally emotional, ââ¬Å"Shall cheerfully make thee there a happy brideâ⬠Julietââ¬â¢s serious indignation would make extraordinary dramatization in front of an audience, she shows her furious response well: ââ¬Å"Now by Saint Peterââ¬â¢s church and Peter too He will not make me there a blissful lady! â⬠Julietââ¬â¢s reaction shows precisely how she is feeling about the issue; she doesn't keep down by any stretch of the imagination. The crowd knows the difficulty she is confronting, one of polygamy, they are profoundly included and demonstrate truly necessary compassion to Juliet. In the discussion that follows the cold and sharp language both Juliet and her mom utilized are extremely powerful. The two sides address each other officially, Juliet calling Lady Capulet, ââ¬Å"My Ladyâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Motherâ⬠where Lady Capulet calls Juliet ââ¬Å"girlâ⬠and ââ¬Å"childâ⬠. This doesnââ¬â¢t appear to be the language one would anticipate from an affectionate and adoring family. This could prompt the end that Julietââ¬â¢s relationship is a long way from the relationship she has with Romeo; an adoring and stable one. At the point when Lord Capulet goes into Julietââ¬â¢s room, it ends up being an essentially sensational scene due to the viciousness and wrath depicted by Lord Capulet. He shows up in her room in a compromising way; his significant other shows dread admonition us to anticipate the most exceedingly awful, ââ¬Å"Here comes your dad. Let him know so yourself And perceive how he will take it at your hands. â⬠Lord Capulet doesn't expect Juliet to resist him, he would just anticipate appreciative thanks and compliance from his girl. He depicts himself as somebody who is accustomed to getting his own specific manner and the way that he sees himself as sovereignty stresses to his tremendous sense of self and raised formal language,â⬠Have you conveyed to our declaration? â⬠He shows extraordinary excitement as he goes into Julietââ¬â¢s room, he appears to be pleased with his arrangement and salutes himself in front of an audience. Being the main man in front of an audience, he is demonstrating mastery and the crowd can see that he jumps at the chance to be in charge. He makes the ladies apprehensive; his inside job in front of an audience shows this. The language that he utilizes is undoubtedly extremely emotional and viable. He offers conversation starters to Juliet, being sharp and short when he does so indicating how confounded he is, and he vociferously assaults his little girl overpowering her with various with various inquiries which she doesn't have the opportunity to reply, ââ¬Å"How? Will she none? Doth she not give us much obliged? â⬠Capuletââ¬â¢s sentence development is shrewdly disconnected stressing enormously on his outrage that is developing quickly. He shows a greater amount of an enthusiasm for figuring out how to respond to Julietââ¬â¢s questions and his anxiety is more about his astuteness than the misery of his solitary little girl. He utilizes forceful terms to Juliet, â⬠you greensickness carrionâ⬠, â⬠youthful baggageâ⬠, the two models are exceptionally forceful and devegiating. Dissect the sensational adequacy in Act 3, Scene 5. (2017, Aug 29). We have articles on the accompanying points that might hold any importance with you iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-2757916683239071772020-08-22T01:52:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:52:06.009-07:00Ethnography Proposal EssayIn my ethnography Iââ¬â¢m going to consider a café chain, for example, Starbucks. I will be seeing just as associating in endeavor to look into different attributes one must need to look in working in such a domain. At Starbucks the Baristas must have an authentic peppy character to every client. I might want to examine a privately claimed café too to think about the various situations and how one may keep an independent company above water when we have such enormous chains. I will be watching the connections that the Barista have with every client and how he/she will deal with that client. I intend to visit at any rate two separate cafés that are generally near each other and will ask a few clients from each shop for what reason they picked every café. I will spend around a few hours at the two houses at around a similar time. I will be sitting with a scratch pad to take notes on what Iââ¬â¢m watching. I may likewise incorporate a concise meeting with at any rate one barista, in which I intend to approach with a basic inquiry posing on the off chance that I could have a snapshot of their opportunity to address a couple of inquiries regarding their workplace. Questions won't be nosy in any I am searching for progressively conventional replies with regards to how they like functioning for chain/free cafés. The explanation I have decided to examine this gathering is on the grounds that I need to make sense of how a private company can contend with a huge chain, for example, Starbucks. Wherever I go I see a Starbucks and most schoolmates might want to meet at a Starbucks so I can watch the various events individuals come in other than getting some espresso. Likewise caffeine is the universes most famous invigorate and four out of each five Americans drink espresso at some random time. A few issues I will look in my exploration will time. When is the best opportunity to arrived in and watch? To what extent will I be there for? I will in general notification by experience that bistros hit off at specific times and are vacant at others. Where the café is found will be a factor too. A few inquiries I had about my examination is, Iââ¬â¢m not certain who I should lean my investigation towards, would it be increasingly hard to take a gander at clients or at the bosses. Additionally would it be advisable for me to think about discrete cafés or simply adhering to one? iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-78980325113974664682020-08-21T20:06:00.001-07:002020-08-21T20:06:04.665-07:00why i quit the comapny. relate this article why i quit the company to your lifewhy I quit the comapny. relate this article why I quit the organization to your life [Type text] [Type text] [Type text]Jordan JohnsonD13ENovember 3, 2014Work Controls my LifeWhen I was more youthful I was unable to hold up until I was finished with school and I found a genuine line of work. Be that as it may, when I found a new line of work I wished I didn't need to work any longer. Much the same as in the article Why I Quit the Company by Tomoyuki Iwashita, I also feel like my activity controls my life. Likewise the article Help! Work Is Taking Over My Life via Carimah Townes identifies with how I feel about working.In the article why I quit the organization Tomoyuki Iwashita discusses how he works for an esteemed organization and how whatever he does, doesn't speak to him it speaks to the organization. So on the off chance that he makes an awful showing or something he shouldn't do the organization looks terrible not Tomoyuki. So a few people would state that his activity is controlling him since it doesn't permit him to do certain things on the off chance that i t doesn't fit with the manner in which the organization is runs.I can identify with this since I work at an after school Program with kids from the ages of 5-14. So in the event that I get in a tough situation outside of work it will look awful on the organization that I work for on the grounds that they employed me and they advised the guardians I was able to work with Their youngsters. So on the off chance that I accomplish something incorrectly the organization may lose the trust of the guardians. Making them remove their children from the after school program. Additionally I live in the region where I work at so a ton of the individuals I work with and the children who go to the after school program. So in any event, when I am in my local I... iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-27855959773481126792020-07-23T01:53:00.001-07:002020-07-23T01:53:03.009-07:00Oh, sweet freedomOh, sweet freedom Oh, the joys of being in college. Finally, weâre independent! We can do whatever we want, even if that entails eating nothing but ramen noodles until we get scurvy and staying up until 4AM day after day. (Actually, Iâd still get a full(ish) night of sleep every night even if I did stay up until 4, what with none of my classes this semester starting before 11AM. Go ahead. Start throwing things at me while I rub it in. I deserve it.) Of course, with independence comes responsibility. According to my parents, living on your own is the first step on the pathway to getting really old. Or they could have said becoming an adult â" as a teenager, I unconsciously start tuning out the ends of all of their sentences. Itâs an uncontrollable reflex, I swear! Anyway, this whole concept of responsibility apparently has to do with novel concepts like time management and being able to make food for myself. The latter is beyond terrifying, as I have the rare ability to set even water on fire. Thankfully, some of the people on my floor are much better cooks than I am, and every now and then theyâre willing to share. Even the most independent of people sometimes need others to help them. Having to fend for myself for the last two months has had me missing the security of home a bit, though. (Letâs ignore the part where itâs currently 77 degrees in South Florida, while here itâs 48 degrees and I canât feel my toes.) Iâm not the only one â" many of my fellow frosh were in the same âMIT IS TAKING OVER MY LIFE AND I WANT TO GO HOOOOOOOOOMEâ mentality. Every now and then you want someone else to take care of you a little, you know? So last week Thursday, when my mom flew in from home for MITâs Family Weekend, I rushed into her arms and squealed. Donât even say you wouldnât have done the same, as I was witness to plenty of others having similar reunions. My mom tried to get a sense of what life at MIT was like, including sitting in on an 18.02 class, crossing Harvard Bridge to have dinner in Boston, and a trip to Star Market for groceries. It was here where we realized that parental instincts never die, as there were plenty of other students shopping with their parents. And by shopping, I mean arguing about which items are really and truly necessary â" Do you need pasta? You have it? You need more. Iâm sure you need more pasta. How about a tomato? (Hi, Mom.) Aside from that, we bought some paint. My room has been screaming Paint me! NOW! for the last month and a half, since painting is allowed in Senior House and Institute White is boring. Speaking of Senior House, our tire swing died a week ago. Well, not completely. During Orientation this year, a few of the other residents were worried about the swingâs future, as the branch it had happily hung from for the last thirty years was dying. Last week, an arborist told the House Manager that the branch needed to be cut down and the swing removed to ensure the safety of the students. This caused quite the kerfluffle here (yes, I said kerfluffle. Let it go.), as the swing is an essential part of the Haus. Three hours later, though, a few students and one of our GRTs had the swing up on a different branch of the tree. You can see what remains of the branch the swing used to hang happily from. And now, itâll never be the same. As the condition of the entire tree has yet to be determined, the future of our tire swing is still in jeopardy. For now, though, weâll take what we can. On a completely unrelated note, it looks like MITâs Early Action applications are due in about a week. If anyone has any burning unresolved questions (or any not-so-burning yet unresolved questions), send them my way and Iâll answer them as best as I can. After all, I did apply to MIT once. Oh, wait. That was what, two seconds ago? iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-75224715275520712532020-06-27T22:25:00.001-07:002020-06-27T22:25:04.366-07:00Strombidae Protected Fisheries - Free Essay Example Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Strombus gigas, A Threatened But Protected Species 65 species of Strombidae are still in existence and the majority of those are found in the Indo-Pacific Oceans (ConchNews). 6 species of Strombidae are found throughout the Caribbean and Florida oceans (McCarthy, 2007): S. alatus, S. costatus, S. gallus, S. gigas, S. pugilis, and S. raninus, one of which, Strombus gigas, known as the Queen Conch, has highest commercial fisheries value of the six species and is commercially threatened. In 1990 the parties to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention) included S. gigas in Annex II of its Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) as a species that may be used on a rational and sustainable basis and that requires protective measures (NOAA). Consequently on 11th June 1992 the United States listed S. gigas under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Appendix II; classi fied as commercially threatened (Theile, 2005). S. gigas then became the first large-scale fisheries product regulated by CITES (NOAA). This requires countries to harvest at a sustainable rate before they can obtain a permit to export (Thiele, 2001). The SPAW Protocol and CITES treaties are generally a positive step for the species, assisting efforts to ensure use and trade of S. gigas, however this is largely a commercial move and should not be confused with meaning it is officially on the endangered/threatened species list. S. gigas is simply on a list of species, fauna and flora not yet threatened or endangered, but with legal commitment by the governments to prevent them becoming so by implementing plans for management by establishment of closed seasons and regulation of their harvest and trade (Thiele, 2005). The Caribbean Fishery Management Council supports a regional International Queen Conch initiative, to promote a common international management strategy for the sustainable use of S resources in the Caribbean region, by making recommendations to address specific issues. E.g. International Queen Conch Initiatives (FAO 2003). In January 1991, 12 of the 14 Governments of the Caribbean Community officially launched the CARI COM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP) to promote sustainable use and conservation of the fisheries resources, setting up the 1994 Lobster and Conch Resource Assessment Unit to provide data on conch and lobster resources in the Caribbean (Haughton 2004). Fig 1.1 The wider Caribbean region showing hypothetical Exclusive Economic Zones of countries those of CARICOM countries are shaded grey (Haughton, 2004). 1.2 Commercial Importance History Of Queen Conch Fisheries S. gigas, have been harvested by Caribbean fishermen for centuries (Stoner 1997), in some regions old conch shell middens show conch have been fished for over 1400 years (Torres, 2002) used for religious ceremonies, for trade and ornamentation, and a source of protein from its meat. Fishing pressure, previously entirely small-scale local fisheries on surrounding islands, has now developed into a large commercial trade commodity with an important fishery resource in the Caribbean area and increasing international demand for the rare meat (Berg Olsen 1989). Outside of the live meat trade, S. gigas is also known for its pearls and shells, sold by locals and tradesmen to tourist as souvenirs as a by-product of conch meat harvest. The increase in intensive fishing pressure caused by its rising commercial value since the 1970s (Cochrane et al 1996) has caused queen conch populations to decline throughout their distribution range (Stoner, 1997; Theile, 2005). This is largely due to the slow maturation growth to harvest size of 3-4 years (Davis) ensuring S. gigas are unable to offset the development of fisheries technical enhancements allowing them to fish larger quantities and at previously unobtainable depths (Wells 1989). The use of scuba and hookah gear from 1984 has now become widespread and due to the depletion of near-shore shallow water stocks because of overfishing, former deep-water refugia (20 m) is now increasingly accessible and subject to the same intense exploitation (CFMC/CFRAMP, 1999), shifting fishing efforts from near-shore to offshore areas in parts of the Bahamas, Colombia, Mexico, Haiti and the Dominican Republic (CITES, AC19 Doc. 8.3 2003). In 1986, the U.S. banned all fishing of Strombus g igas populations instead importing approx. 80% of world trade, 1,000t year-1 (NOAA 2003), from Caribbean Islands. The majority of S. gigas populations the U.S are importing from have continued to decline. CITES reviews, following species listing in 1992, report population densities in some areas to be so low that recruitment failure is a risk to local fisheries in parts of Belize, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands with stock collapses and resulting in total or temporary closure of the fishery in Bermuda, Cuba, Colombia, Florida, Mexico, the Netherlands Antilles, the Virgin Islands and Venezuela (CITES AC19, Doc. 8.3 2003). The primary cause for the population decline is widely demonstrated to be commercial trade overfishing (Stoner, 1994) but Stoner (1994) implies habitat degradation may be a secondary factor, especially in the shallow water nursery habitats of seagrass meadows, which are crucial to Strombus gigas sustainab ility. There are still some larger areas that still maintain stable populations, the Bahamas (Stoner Ray, 1996), Jamaica (Stoner Schwarte 1994) and the Turks and Caicos Islands due to hatchery replacement (Bene Tewfik, 2001) as well as smaller areas of St. Lucia, St Vincent and Virgin Islands (taken from Table 1, p76 Cochrane, 1996). The significant trade review undertaken in 1995, at the 13th meeting of the Animals Committee, formulated recommendations in 1997 requiring states to prove conformity to CITES and slowly by March 1999 most states had conformed. By 2005 Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago had been removed from the Review of Significant Trade of S. gigas (CITES SC54 Doc. 42, 2006). However, CITES recognizes that despite being registered for over 10 years stock declines continue to occur (Notification No. 2006/055, 2006) and in 2006 the Animals Committee concluded that trade was of urgent concern in 3 range states and of possible concern in a further 13 (CITES SC54 Doc. 42, 2006). The important exporting countries of Haiti and Grenada have released no information and with low adult densities reported from fishing all exports from the se states have been suspended as they may currently being exploited at rates that may be unsustainable (CITES AC22 Doc. 10.1). The National Marine Fisheries Service support the CITES embargo on queen conch imports (NOAA, 2003) which will remain until evidence is provided that the CITES recommendations have been implemented (Thiele, 2001). 1.3 Biology of Strombus gigas Strombus gigas are large, soft-bodied, marine shelled gastropod molluscs. They have a thin layer of tissues between the body and the shell, a mantle, which creates a hard external spiral-shaped shell up to 30 cm in length from calcium carbonate extracted from the seawater and sediments. This outer shell develops the distinctive pink coloured flared lip that easily identifies the species and is why the shell also has a horny periostracum coating to deter predators. The body is divided into the head, the visceral mass, and the foot. posterior anterior Fig 1.2 Adult female conch without her shell (FWRI, 2006) The conch head has a pair of tentacles tipped with light-sensitive eyestalks and a long proboscis radula that has thousands of tiny denticle protrusions for feeding. The foot, at the posterior, is a pointed, sickle-shaped, hardened operculum tip used to propel forward in a unique type of hopping locomotion commonly referred to as stromboid leap propulsion. This enables escape from predators by breaking up their scent trail (FWRI, 2006). They have a siphonal canal with an indentation near the anterior end called a stromboid notch. (Hyman 1967, Abbott 1974 quoted https://bellsouthpwp.net/c/u/culpsb/conchnews/strombidae). 1.3.1 Ecology of Strombus gigas Strombus gigas inhabits the neotropical Atlantic waters of Bermuda, southern Floridian and Mexican coasts of Central America in the Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea region, and off the South America coasts of Venezuela and Brazil. Strombus gigas are herbivorous, grazing primarily on algae, grasses, and floating organic debris and are consequently usually found in warm, shallow, clear, subtidal water of oceanic or near-oceanic salinities settled on sandy substrates, in rocky habitats, on coral reefs or coral rubble sea floors amongst seagrass and algae (McCarthy, 2007; Cochrane, 1996). Strombus gigas can be found in discrete aggregations up to hundreds or thousands of individuals who actively select these preferable habitats (Stoner, 1997). Adult S. gigas are typically found at depths less than 100 meters concentrated in water 10- 30 meters deep due to the photosynthetic light requirements of algae and plant growth (Randall 1964). Predators of the Queen Conch are known to be around 130 ma rine species including various species of mollusc, lobster, turtles, crabs, sharks, rays, snappers and Nassau Grouper, (Coulston, 1987; Culp and Stoner 1999; CITES AC19 Doc 8.3; Culp et al, 1997). As a defence they bury into the sand to hide, unprotected/unburied conch being less likely to survive (Coulston 1987). Conchs burying behaviours show wide variations, possibly related to environmental conditions of water temp conch increase burying in cooler winter period (Appeldoorn 1985) and wind/sea conditions conch are more active at high tide as a response to increased predator activity in the upper intertidal zone (). The increased amount of attached organisms on the shell of older conch suggests a decrease in long-term burying activity with increases in conch size (Iverson et al, 1986). 1.3.2 Conch Reproduction In the wild, adult queen conch maintain a 1:1 sex ratio in an undisturbed population (Cochrane, 1996), and sexual maturity for males and females occurs by approximately between 3.5 and 5 years, usually when the flared lip is greater than approximately 0.5 cm thick (Appeldoorn, 1988b; Berg and Olsen, 1989). Onset of sexual maturity varies within and between different Strombus gigas populations depending on their site specific habitat quality, food availability and water depth all changing growth rates (Martin-Mora et al., 1995), with faster growth rates inducing earlier maturation (Berg, 1976). Queen conch are dioecious (McCarthy, 2007), fertilization is internal when the male inserts a verge into the females siphonal notch, the female retaining the male sperm till fertilisation during the process of laying eggs (McCarty, 2007). The seasonal reproductive period increases copulation as a linear function of bottom water temperature the summer months (Stoner et al. 1992). Water quality, food supply, a 12-hour photoperiod, and temperature limitations all negatively affect individual female pairing, copulation, and egg-laying reproduction causing a decrease in egg masses (Stoner 1992; Shawl 2004). Females lay demersal egg masses in long continuous strands up to 50 to 75 feet long containing 185,000 to 460,000 eggs in each strand (Shawl Davis 1994). These are deposited in requirement sand substrate (Shawl Davies 2004) at an average rate of 1.5m hr-1, completing in less than a day (Randall 1964). Spawning can multiple times during an egg-laying season, the length of which varies depending on geographic location (Stoner?), but lasts typically 6 8 months usually between March and October (TABLE ?) with stimuli other than temperature, such as declining photoperiod, inducing the end of reproductive activity (Stoner et al, 1992) 1.3.3 Life Cycle of Queen Conch Fig 1. 3 Life cycle of the Queen Conch, Strombus gigas 1.3.3.1 Migration and Dispersal The life cycle of Strombus gigas begins by embryonic development that proceeds rapidly, dependent on temperature, after the fertilization of spawning reaching the gastrula stage after 16 hours. The pelagic larvae emerge within 72 hours 5/6 days after spawning (Cochrane 1996). This is also influenced by temperature and by the presence of phytoplankton (Stoner, 1997). By around 12 days they are lobed, free-swimming veligers, found in open water up to 100 meters deep, localised in above the thermocline, where they drift over 18-40 days in the currents of the upper layers feeding on the plankton (Posada and Appeldoorn, 1994; Stoner, 1997). During this period long distance transport by surface currents to deeper water areas (Iversen, et. al 1990) can occur up to 900km (Davis et al., 1993). Larvae then descend, 17 to 22 days after hatching, settling into the adult benthic habitats, when induced by settling cues of substrate (Boettcher and Targett 1996) and location. Larvae then require an environmental stimulus to induce metamorphose response such as the presence of specific algae foods Laurencia poitei and the epiphyte Fosliella spp. found on Thalassia testudinum (Davis, 1994) usually associated within site substratum and sediment (Davis and Stoner, 1994). Metamorphosis is usually within five days of settlement, unique in developmental history as the competence period is shorter than the precompetence period, instead of equal to or longer than the precompetence period. They are competent for only 6 days at 28 to 30C, losing this ability if the required conditions within the habitat cannot be met (Davis and Stoner, 1994). Short-term competence is ordinarily associated with metamorphosis to a broad spectrum of cues and this explains the conch response to a variety of ben thic cues found in juvenile conch seagrass habitats (Davis 1994). The larvae reach metamorphosis between 25 and 29 days turning lobes into feet while the proboscis develops to about 0.2 cm in length developing a small transparent shell within 24 hours called a protoconch (James Wood). Again development shows environmental variation for example larvae of March, April, May, and September have slower development than the larvae of June, July and August. The survival at settlement averaged 305.18% with highest survival June and July with 386.30%, lowest March (227.22%) and September (207.02%) (Brito-Manzano Aldana Aranda, 2004). 1.3.3.2 Juvenile Strombus gigas Young Queen Conch (one year) settle to benthic life on sandy substrate (Cochrane, 1996) where they remain buried as they have a particularly high mortality rate (63%) from predation, and if unburied conch 1.3-3.7cm long show complete mortality (Iverson, 1989). Very few small conch have been found in nature unburied (Ray Stoner, 1995) suggesting that conch may be buried almost continuously until shell lengths reach 5-10cm, when juveniles emerge and become epibenthic, periodically reburying to avoid winter storms (CFMC 1999). After emerging juvenile S. gigas shift habitat from the area of settlement (Sandt Stoner, 1993) aggregating 0.2-2 ind./m2, up to 100,000 individuals over large areas (100 ha) of shallow depth with high tidal circulation where algae production is sufficient and moderate or dense seagrass coverage (Stoner Lally 1996) This specific habitat is chosen as it reduces mortality from predation shown by (Stoner Ray, 1993) who found that 50% of juveniles outside a seagra ss area were killed. (Stoner, 1997) deems these crucial productive nursery habitats must be protected for population stability are determined by a complex unique interaction of oceanographic features, such as seagrass/algae communities and larval recruitment. 1.3.3.3 Conch Morphology Conch shell growth is deterministic; from approx. 3 years conch stops increasing in shell length, growing only by thickening of the shell, particularly the flared lip that it starts producing. At sexual maturity, which occurs at approximately 3 years (Berg 1976) and lasts approximately 7-10 months (Glazer and Berg, 1992), lip flare growth initiates (Appledoorn 1988). Both growth directions occur simultaneously until adult shell length is reached (Appledoorn 1988). Measuring shell lengths is the most accurate method to date juveniles estimates for mean shell length range from approx. 10.8cm for a 1-year old animal, 17cm for a 2-years old animal, and 20.5cm for +3years (Berg, 1976). In adults shell lip thickness increase has been used to estimate growth from maturation in years (Appeldoorn, 1988a, 1990). This is only a relative measure as the deterministic growth affects estimates of juvenile growth and therefore accurate aging, and mortality (CFMC/CFRAMP, 1999). The shell length of a dult S. gigas can decrease by bioerosion of the shell on substrate types, and interior volume of the shell can shrink with age inducing significantly smaller body size (CFMC/CFRAMP, 1999), both factors hindering accurate aging. Extreme spatial variation occurs in shell size of different S. gigas populations. Factors affecting shell size include site habitat quality, food availability and quality and water depth (Martin-Mora et al., 1995), which coupled with the presence of predators and increased depth are all thought to slow juvenile and adult conch morphometric growth. Growth rate is positively correlated to final shell length, indicated by slower growing conch tending to reach smaller final shell lengths and greater age at maturation (Alcolado, 1976). Increased predation can cause weaker, thicker or denser/heavier shells with shorter spines (Delgado et al. 2002; Stoner Davis, 1994), and increasing depth causes tighter coiling of the shell resulting in a wider, thicker shells and fewer, longer spines (Alcolado, 1976, quoted in McCarthy, 2007). 1.3.4 Migrations Conch travel up to 100 yards per day, mostly at night migrating for two reasons: Firstly, a long-lived ontogenetic migration movement of larger juveniles leaving nursery areas moving into deeper water (Stoner et al. 1988), in the direction of the seasonally synchronous tidal currents, increasing in conch density with the passage of the migration. This serves as a density-dependent or habitat-dependant dispersal mechanism for juvenile conchs from centres of recruitment (Stoner et al. 1988). The second reason is a summer migration of adults inshore to shallower water grass beds for spawning (Appledoorn 1993). This begins when temperatures start to increase (Stoner and Standt 1992; Coulston 1987) and the conch return offshore to sand or algae habitat and deeper water. Conch have also been observed to move to deeper water with age (Stoner, 1997). 1.3.5 Natural Mortality of Strombus gigas The Queen Conch is a relatively slow-growing long-lived species, reaching a maximum longevity of between 20 30 years with an average of 26. In deeper water this can be extended to 40 years (NOAA). Appeldoorn (1988) derived a relationship between age and natural mortality that exponentially decreases until the conch reaches sexual maturity (Appeldoorn, 1988). Mortality along with most other morphometric and maturity data also varies seasonally, due to habitat, predation and food limitation (Stoner and Glazer, 1998) but natural mortality of S. gigas has not been accurately quantified due to bioerosion of the shell by substrate (CITES AC19 Doc 8.3, 2003), and it is thought that aging any S. gigas specimen greater than 10 years old should be considered is unreliable, and therefore the complete lifespan of queen conch is unknown (SEDAR, 2007). 1.4 The Biological/Ecological Importance of Strombus gigas Strombus gigas is an important member of marine benthic and macrofauna communities in seagrass meadows. As a hebrivory mollusc, S. gigas regulates the abundance of seagrass detritus and algal blooms of bottom-dwelling algae such as Batophora oerstedi, performing a visual cleaning of the sediment surface from the normal light brown colour to white, clearing filamentous algae and small detrital particles (Stoner et al., 1995). By decreasing significantly the standing crop of biomass of dead or detritus remains of senescent seagrass blades, seagrass epiphytes, macrodetritus and macroalgae, without reducing living seagrass biomass, S. gigas grazing, similar to other important marine herbivory grazers such as Diadema, potentially stimulates rates of primary production of algae, macrophytes, seagrasses and the role of below ground nutrient reserves (Valentine, 1999). In comparison, S. gigas grazing on epiphytes and detritus could adversely influence other components of the benthic communit y such as amphipods and other smaller Mollusca invertebrates, which are dependent upon detritus for food or cover, reduced in numbers by S. gigas grazing. S. gigas must therefore play a major role in the trophic flux of the tropical seagrass community. Over-exploitation may cause significant ecological changes, including an increase in small grazers or rapid accumulation of organic matter in the sediments and trophic cascade changes that may reduce productivity and limit recruitment of S. gigas and all other species (Klumpp, et al 1992.). 1.5 Future Outlook and Conservation Conserving Reproductive Stocks Having ascertained as above, that conch are important to the ecosystem, the CITES inclusion highlighted global concerns, although mainly for the fisheries economy rather than ecological importance. With this well-documented decline of S. gigas that led to the CITES inclusion, research programs were developed designed to monitor conch stock and to determine how best to rehabilitate the depleted population. Attempts at researching methods to halt the decline and preserve the species have been focusing on both preserving the current stocks of native S. gigas specimens and maintaining stocks by ensuring reproduction or transplanting hatchery reared juveniles into the wild. Increasing interest in preserving the natural global stock led to a focused account of conch reproduction, potential mariculture hatcheries and maintenance of the species as a successful fisheries economy. However, to maintain any mariculture or fishery a strong healthy stock of native conch will need to be conserved. Two methods to protect and preserve high densities of native adult queen conch are at the forefront of conservation of the fisheries economy: depth refugia and marine reserves (Stoner, 1997). 1.5.1 Depth Refugia As S. gigas are herbivorous, predominantly found in well-lighted photosynthetic algal regions of shallow sub tidal zones 10-30m deep. The majority of S. gigas are therefore accessible to scuba divers driving the maximum abundance of adult conch to greater depth. Numbers at depths are generally very low (Stoner, 1997) and in response to declining shallow water populations one potential form of management for maintaining a healthy reproductive native population is to limit fishing to free diving (Posada Garcfa-Moliner, 1996). Relatively natural populations of adult conch are, in comparison, uncommon in depths 10 m showing the highest abundance at depth beyond the reach of free-diving conch fisherman. The limit would allow the survival of these small, deepwater refuge populations, ensuring some reproduction to replenish the regional stocks (). A possible problem is that because the vast majority of queen conch spends their first 2-3 years in shallow water, migrating when mature from ba nk nursery sites into deeper water, those on the bank in the fished area may be harvested before reaching water sufficiently deep to protect them from free-diving fishermen (). Also young adults and adults that do not migrate to deep water are then all accessible to free divers; the intense fishing for conch in shallow water could ultimately reduce deep-water refuge stocks (). 1.5.2 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Protected marine areas provide an alternative technique already employed to maintaining high densities of adult conch. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are the globally designated marine specific protected sites, and are used as a management tool for limiting the ecosystem effects of fishing, including the biological and socio-economic aspects. Although increasing, currently only an estimated 0.6% of the worlds oceans are designated MPAs, the largest being the Great Barrier Reef, however many of the largest can be found in the Caribbean oceans. UNEP-WCMC, 2002, defined MPAs as any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. The MPAsprotect all species and rare habitats or nursing grounds in that environment, which can include historical features such as shipwrecks, and cultural sites o f interest (such as known whale routes). MPAs aim to protect their environment according to area and species, by restricting access, mining and fishing practices, and by prioritising preservation and conservation. In extreme cases tourism is restricted, use of certain boats, and ultrasound are either banned or restricted in the conservation areas. 1.5.2.1 Does Marine Protection work? Ecological Effects of MPAs There is sufficient evidence that fishing negatively affects ecosystems (Sumaila, et al, 2000) and to reduce fishing is the main principle of fishery model predictions. Models predict that the establishment of MPAs, in particular, for overexploited commercial populations, can reduce negative effects of fishing consequently maintaining local economies, and livelihoods of fishermen (Behnken, 1993). Reserve protection ensuring a natural source of maintaining species diversity for the future, creating an ecological success and benefiting sustainability of future fisheries economies, as well as rehabilitate those that have collapsed (Halpern, 2003). The scientific consensus is that, marine reserves, on average, regardless of their size, and with exceptions, result in long-lasting significantly higher density, biomass, individual size, and diversity (Lubchenco et al, 2000) when evaluated for both overall communities and by each functional group within these communities (carnivorous fishes, herbivorous fishes, planktivorous fishes/invertebrate eaters, and invertebrates) within reserves as opposed to outside the reserve (or after reserve establishment vs. before) (Halpern, 2003) and often rapid increases in the abundance, and productivity of marine organisms. By providing refuge nursery areas protecting resident species and heritage protection of important habitats such as coral, MPAs increase density of species and decrease mortality, habitat destruction and any indirect ecosystem effects. On average, research provides evidence that creating a reserve can raise mean organism size, double density, (nearly) triple biomass, and increase diversity of communities by 20-30% relative to the values for unprotected areas (Halper, 2003) and Halpern deems the results to be robust despite the many potential sources of error in the individual studies with considerable variance (Halpern, 2003). Outside reserve boundaries the few studies that have examined spill over effects (Lubche nco et al, 2000), but the increase in density and diversity of marine life, is predicted to increase reproduction potential and by permanently eliminating fishing practices, change the ecosystem from disturbed to mature (Sumaila et al, 2000) restoring community structure (McClanahan and Obura, 1995). Outside of the reserve there is potential for the abundance of exploited species to also increase in areas adjacent to reserves via regionally larval export replenishing populations (Lubechncho et al, 2000). 1.5.2.2 Strombus gigas Specific MPA Restrictions Do they Work? Long-lived slow growing epibenthic species and those requiring highly structured habitat would be expected to thrive in the MPA albeit a long process rebuilding the habitat structure (Watling and Norse, 1998). For S. gigas, the establishment of marine reserves is theoretically the best way to allow populations to recover (Stoner 1997) as from a single-species point of view, MPA are designed to restore populations to pre-industrial fishing levels by reducing the probability of extinction for marine species resident within them by using fishing restrictions (Lubchenco et al, 2000). Invertebrate density trends as shown by other species and functional groups, imply diversity will be higher inside reserves but so far invertebrate biomass has been documented lower within reserves (Halpern, 2003). Indirectly the reserve may however affect numbers of S. gigas predatory fishes, and for invertebrate biomass in particular, the effectiveness depends on its position in the localised food chain. C urrently there are few S. gigas specific evaluation of the biological impact of a reserve on the stock of queen conch, the first conducted in the Turks and Caicos islands (Bene Tewfick, 2003), followed by (Stoner and Ray, 1996) comparing the density of adult queen conch in the 1984 Restricted Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park and in the fished area near Lee Stocking Island, Exuma Cays. Both studies showed increased densities of S. gigas in the reserve as shown in Table 1, Benes results showing density 6 times higher within the reserve and S. gigas shell length significantly smaller in the reserve than in the fished areas describing the existence of a crowding effect (high density induced reduction in growth rate) within the reserve (Bene Tewfik, 2003) hypothesized due to a) reduced fishing mortality following creation of reserve b) existence of natural barriers that impede emigration of adults to outside the reserve. (Stoner, 1997) concluded that marine reserves can conserve spawners i ndicated by juvenile conch numbers increasing in Exuma Park and that the increased larval production within the reserve transporting downstream to areas of fished populations (Stoner, 1997). Table 1. Density of adult queen conch in the Exurna Cays Land and Sea Park near the island of Waderick Wells and in the fished area near Lee Stocking Island, Exuma Cays. (mean + SE for each depth interval). (Stoner Ray, (1996) Habitat/Depth (m) Fishery Reserve Fished Area Bank 53.6 1.7 Shelf 0-2.5 0 0 0 0 2.5-5 34 22 2.2 1.7 5-10 49 18 7.2 4.1 10-15 270 85 60 47 15-20 104 58 88 32 20-25 148 72 18 9 25-30 122 70 0 0 As ecological effect results show, reserves are the best way to provide protection whilst evaluating threats to ocean communities (Lubchenco, et al, 2000), however the even limited exploitation or resumption of fishing practice within the protected area decreases documented benefits (Jennings, 1996; Attwood et al., 1997 Wantiez, 1997; Alcala and Russ, 1990). (Halpern, 2003) reports less positive results in other MPA studies as well, but these studies have been mostly disregarded as interlinked confounding factors, such reserves with unfavourable habitats (Tegner, 1993) and not protecting a sufficient portion of critical habitat (Armstrong et al., 1993) were likely to have caused the less significant result (Sumaila et al, 2000). 1.5.2.3 Future Effectiveness of MPAs for Queen Conch Stocks MPAs alone may not guarantee the long-term persistence of the targeted species as external anthropogenic factors, for example pollution effects and climatic changes, may impact and damage the ecosystem in unpredictable and undetectable ways (Allison et al., 1998) but precautionary principle suggests they may provide some sort of protection. To produce effective reserves diversity of marine habitats must be encompassed alongside other management tools coupled with long term monitoring evaluating management impacts within and outside the reserves (Lubchenco et al, 2000). The effectiveness of any MPA is dependant on its size and its location in relation to life-history characteristics and habitat requirement of the targeted species the MPA aims to protect (Sumaila et al, 2000). 1.5.2.3.1 Location and habitat requirement Both larval dispersal and adult migration patterns must be considered important. Knowledge of home range, larval dispersal, location of settlement, migration patterns, the contribution of neighbouring spawning populations and physical oceanography (Halpern, 2003; Sumaila etal, 2000) all become crucial to be considered when determining the location, size, and number of reserves necessary to protect the targeted species and increase ability to retain a sustainable population (Allison et al., 1998). Permanent or temporal closures will protect critical habitats of nurseries, spawning and feeding grounds and populations during crucial life history events such as migrations and spawning aggregations. The reserve must be not only downstream receiving a regular supply of larva from a spawning population, but must be established in locations where they will contribute to further downstream fisheries (Stoner, 1997). If the rate of adult migration to outside the reserve is fast, efficiency of t he reserve is likely to decrease, as a large proportion of individuals would still be vulnerable to exploitation (Sumaila et al., 2000). 1.5.2.3.2 Size Dependency Successful reserves should be large enough that reproductive stock cannot migrate out, and areas that supply larvae into populations must have some level of protection as well (Stoner, 1997). Stoner, (1997) concludes that the apparent success of the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park is due, in part, to its large size. However (Halpern, 2003) states the likelihood to increase biomass or density is independent of reserve size, suggesting effects of MPAs increase directly rather than proportionally with increasing size of a reserve. Halpern acknowledges Stoners view, in that he theorises equal relative differences in biological measures between small and large reserves can translate into greater absolute differences for the larger reserves. They both conclude larger reserves are required in order to reach the conservation and protection objectives of marine reserves. Building large reserves is difficult with global boundaries and evidence is suggesting that a network of reserves that spans l arge geographic areas would encompassing enough to adequately protect and provide a stable platform for the long-term persistence of marine communities against environmental variability or anthropogenic pollution as much as a single reserve (Ballantine, 1997; Lubchenco et al, 2000) The worlds two largest coral reefs are the Great Barrier Reef in Australia followed by the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) and both are good examples of networks of MPAs. The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) extends from the southern half of the Yucatan Peninsula to the Bay Islands of Honduras incorporating the second longest barrier reef in the world (Almada-Villela et. al2003). All coral reef of the MBRS are included within MPAs, and in Honduras all areas off the north coast are included in MPAs as it has diverse assemblage of coral habitats and reef unique in the Western hemisphere are to be preserved. The network system provides the stabilization and some protection of coastal landscapes, and its regulations help preserve important habitats for all marine life, including those of commercial value, ensuring continued employment and income to indigenous people living on MBRS coastal areas. They are assisting the bordering Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras in set ting up communal policies, regulations, and institutional arrangements for the conservation and sustainable use of the area (MBRS). 1.6 Current Honduran Queen Conch Fisheries The broad shelf off north-eastern Honduras and Nicaragua is where the principal fisheries for lobsters, shrimp, and conchs are conducted, with the exception of wildlife refuges in the north Utila, north Roatan, and the northwest side of Guanaja (Miller(3)). Earlier Artisanal free diving Fishing of 1970-1980s, evolved into organized industrial commercial fishing and conchs which were so abundant in places some could be seen from shore in clear waters became depleted in shallow coastal waters spurred by a consistent demand for conch meat in the United States, expanding as scuba gear in 1984 up 37 m in the conch grounds off the north-eastern Honduras coast. Since the mid-1980s, the number of divers employed to catch lobsters and conchs from Honduran industrial vessels has increased sharply, currently totalling about 1,800 make 12, 12 trips/year, taking 15,000-30,000 pounds of conch meat/12-day trip. An estimated 50 fishermen from the Bay Islands, using only mask and fins, and 7 from Pue rto Cortes area, using scuba gear, currently seek lobsters and conchs, taking on average 2-3 conchs a day. In coastal villages eastward of La Ceiba, some fishermen catch conchs by free diving with a mask and fins 10-20 conchs/day, but sometimes none (Zuniga(8)). Only the meat of conchs is taken by cracking a hole to cut the muscle attachment from the shell, often discarding the shell (Fermin(9) or selling to a company in San Pedro Sula, which uses it for making tiles (Galindo(4)). In 1-2 dives, a diver gets about, 15-20lb up to 100-120 lbs and received US$0.95/pound for conch meat (1996). The catches are taken to Roatan, where they are repacked and sold principally in the United States. The fishermen sell to middlemen who in 1996 paid them US$1.43/pound for conch meat whos then sells in the city of La Ceiba and receives US$2.482.86/pound for conch meat (Zuniga(8)). Conch meat sold for US$3.43/pound in markets in San Pedro Sula and Tela in March 1996 (personal observ.). Aquatic produ ction Landings (it) Conch meats = 291 1.7 Honduran MPAs, The Cayos Cochinos Marine Reserve In Honduras, since 1988, 18 officially recognised and 4 proposed protected marine areas have been designated (MPA Global, Marine Protected Area Database) most recently in 2003, the Legislative Presidential decree 114-2003 designated the the Cayos Cochinos islands, off the coast of Northern Honduras, a Marine Natural Monument (Andraka Bouroncle, 2004), and the Honduran Coral Reef Foundation (HCRF) obtained protection for these islands/reefs and the responsibility of the conservation of the islands for 10 years. Fig 4: Detailed Map of the designated Cayos Cochinos Marine National Park The Cayos Cochinos MPA consists of two small islands Cayo Menor (Cochino Pequero) and Cayo Mayor (Cochinor Grande) and 13 coral cays off the north Honduran coast, where the HCRF Management Program implemented focus on the recuperation of the key habitat, taking into account the life cycle of fish, mollusc, and crustaceans, to guarantee the sustainability of the fish in the MPA. This area and management also protection of commercial specials in critical states to provide alternatives to diversify the fishing activities, to alleviate the pressure on the Cayos Cochinos, without significantly affecting the local culture of fishing and by implementing zones with regulations for the conservation and management of these resources, controlled by park rangers and local volunteers monitoring these zones (HCRF). Honduras charges artisanal fishermen to pay a $1.00 per year and industrial corporations $10 a year, for a licence which allows them to fish conch freely with no minimum length regulati on until Honduras closed season of March 16 August 31. 1.8 Aims: In 1997 prior to the establishment of the Marine Protected Area the Smithsonian Institute completed Queen Conch surveys around the islands and showed that stocks were heavily over fished with Adult S. gigas were estimated at 7.3 individuals per hectare, and Juvenile S. gigas also 7.3 individuals per hectare (Tewfik Guzman, 1998). The objective of this project was to repeat these dive surveys, measure the size of all conchs recorded and classify into size categories as in 1997, using the visual abundance survey data to observe whether the management measures implemented by Honduran Coral Reef Foundation in 2002 are protecting the Queen Conch stocks and increasing numbers within the MPA in comparison to 1997. 1.8.1 Visual Abundance Survey Data It was chosen to use visual abundance surveys for assessment of the conch populations as they give fishery-independent estimates of exploitable biomass, future recruitment, as well as habitat distribution, condition, and use by conch populations. Divers can be towed behind boats to count but the benthic nature requires that divers to survey the substrate over a measured area. This allows absolute determination of density and direct observation of individual conch on various substrate types as well as enabling collection of morphometric data. These surveys within the region are reasonably inexpensive and very accessible, short in duration given the limited shelf area of most countries. Large-scale surveys may only be needed every few years as long as other data collections continue in the interim periods. Visual surveys are particularly valuable when used with other data, such as catch and effort, and when a number of surveys have been completed (CFMC CFRAMP 1999). Visual assessments for conch have been done over the years on various spatial scales including: Berg et al. (1992a,b), Friedlander et al. (1994), Appeldoorn (1995b), Berg and Glazer (1995), Tewfik et al. (1997), Tewfik and Bene (2000), Appeldoom and Rodriguez (1994), Berg and Oisen (1989), Appeldoom and B. Rodriguez, Mahon (1990), Smith and van Neirop (1984), Stoner and Ray (1996), Tewfik (1996), Torres Rosado (1987), Weil and Laughlin (1984) and Wood and Olsen (1983). iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-39476112528389350482020-05-22T03:33:00.001-07:002020-05-22T03:33:07.260-07:00The Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay - 1108 Words The engineering of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is entirely new, yet genetics, as a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in living organisms. Unfortunately, some people are trying to stop further studies in genetics, but the research being conducted today will serve to better mankind tomorrow. Among many benefits of genetic engineering are the several cures being developed for presently incurable diseases. Genetics has also opened the door way to biological solutions for world problems, as well as aid for bodyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦With dysfunctional DNA, a cell is a pile of lipids and proteins; cancerous tumors will turn to harmless dumps of organic material, that can be filtered out by the body. DNA scissors will affect things that antibiotics cannot, like AIDS. (Not even AIDS can function without DNA). One day the only thing that will stand between medical diseases and their cure will be the analysis of their DNA. Genetics now offers a new way to solve the general problems of the world. First, genetic research makes it possible for food to be grown safer, better, and faster, without doing any damage to the environment. With todays knowledge of genetic engineering, several food companies are investigating possibilities of making more food in less time. Through a process know as gene therapy, geneticists have the ability to modify parts of genetic material in organisms. Geneticists can add attributes to crops, like tomatoes, that would make them resistant to insects. With such features, dangerous chemicals like DDT that harm the environment, plants, animals, and humans would not be needed. Other enhancements would include prolonged life spans for food products after harvesting. For example, tomatoes have been engineered to last longer so they do not have to be harvested early. Thus, it is unnecessary to spray chemicals on them to prematurely change their color. While the US has not yet approved the new crops, several countries have and are making greatShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Genetic Engineering711 Words à |à 3 PagesShould genetic engineering be allowed? ââ¬Å"With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of DNA, and improve the human race.â⬠- Stephen Hawking. Genetic engineering is the genetic modification of an organismââ¬â¢s phenotype, also known as an organismââ¬â¢s genetic makeup. Genetic engineering can have its advantages and disadvantages, but I believe there are more advantages than disadvantages. There are a number of benefits that we can only discover if scientists consider to study andRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering1115 Words à |à 5 Pageswill be talking about genetic engineering. What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of directly manipulating an organismââ¬â¢s genes or DNA in order to change its characteristics. Over the years, genetic engineering and modification has been trialled on many different things, (CHANGE SLIDE) including food such as creating seedless grapes, CHANGE SLIDE and animals such as dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal in the world. However, genetic engineering, especially on humans hasRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Its Benefits1930 Words à |à 8 Pagesprocess, genetic engineering provides more benefits that far outweigh the harms. Genetic engineering, and genetics in general, is a subject unfamiliar to the general public because not only has it not had much exposure to people outside of the scientific world, but it is also extremely complex and still has several applications yet to be found. In short, genetic engineering is the modification of an organism s characteristics or traits through manipulation, or replacement, of their genetic materialRead MoreThe Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1001 Words à |à 5 Pagesdonors, chemolithoautotrophy. It is by this that the authors claim that the potential for this organism to be used for the large-scale industrial production of biofuels and other useful chemicals remains largely untapped. The employment of genetic engineering to augment the autotrophic hosts productivity pathways offers hope for improved and increased productivity. Other techniques entail the transfer of the processes to heterotrophic organisms. Autotrophic production is said to be more efficientRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering909 Words à |à 4 PagesResearch suggests that genetic engineering will be a vital tool in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases because current drug therapies are becoming less effective and genetic engineering approaches to mosquito management have shown promising results. c. Preview of main points i. Malaria in particular has become more of a threat as the parasite causing the disease develops resistance to the most common drugs used to treat it. ii. Scientists have been successful at engineering several species of mosquitoesRead MoreThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1459 Words à |à 6 Pagesreceiving a grim diagnosis. There are many aspects of genetic engineering and to thoroughly understand it looking into each is absolutely necessary. In order to understand genetic engineering, the key terms in this controversy that must be defined are the following: recombinant DNA technology, cloning, gene therapy, and the humane genome project. Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic material by direct intervention in the genetic processes with the purpose of producing new substancesRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1721 Words à |à 7 PagesGenetic engineering is a recent development that has gained tremendous commercial appeal. The potential benefits of genetic engineering have captivated the general public and clouded their moral values. The ultimate goal of genetic engineering is to create a utopian society where problems such as disease and world hunger no longer exist. Genetically engineering humans to be ideal beings may eventually lead to the creation of a ââ¬Å"super race.â⬠A super race is a race of strong, healthy, and highly intelligentRead More The Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay2511 Words à |à 11 PagesThesis statement: The benefits of genetic engineering far outweigh its potential for misuse. II. Genetic Engineering A. Definition of Genetic Engineering. (#6) B. Who invented Genetic Engineering Gregor Mendel (Christopher Lampton #7) Thomas Hunt Morgan (Christopher Lampton #7) III. Benefits of Genetic Engineering A. Genetic Screening (Laurence E. Karp #4) B. Gene Therapy (Renato Dulbecco #6) C. Cloning D. Genetic Surgery (Christopher Lampton #7) E. Benefits in Agriculture (DavidRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1914 Words à |à 8 Pagesa controversial issue is new ways to produce human clones. Cloning and genetic engineering and has been used to clone unicellular organisms, plants, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to advances in industry, medicine and agriculture. Newer techniques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect of cloning humans has raised many practicalRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering2181 Words à |à 9 Pagesapplication of new techniques in genetic engineering to produce human clones. Up until now genetic engineering and cloning has been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to significant advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Newer techni ques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-2909799889387064872020-05-18T23:34:00.001-07:002020-05-18T23:34:03.529-07:00Hamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in the Play... Hamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in the Play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Hamletââ¬â¢s Transformation from Good to Evil In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare, Hamlet endures exorbitant amount of pain and anger because of his fatherââ¬â¢s death, his mothers hasty remarriage, and the loss of his only love, Ophelia. The losses that Hamlet has to deal with, the anger and lack of forgiveness that he allows to build within himself, allows Hamletââ¬â¢s true thoughts and character to be revealed through his soliloquies, which are reviewed and discussed throughout this essay. In his first soliloquy, Hamlet reveals his wishes that he could just melt away and be no more, with death comes relief from this world, but he beliefs that suicide is immoralâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Hamlet is now developing into a cunning, deceitful person. He is now devising a plan to exploit Clauduis for his crime, the re-enactment of his fatherââ¬â¢s murder. Also, Hamlet questioning his ability to avenge his fatherââ¬â¢s death, he wonders if he too much of a coward. Hamlet admits that he does lack gull, a character trait that cannot be compromised when he is to avenge his fatherââ¬â¢s death. Although Hamlet might perceive himself as a coward, by re-enacting his fatherââ¬â¢s murder, he is exposing his knowledge of his fatherââ¬â¢s murder, which puts his own life in danger. Hamletââ¬â¢s most famous soliloquy shows Hamletââ¬â¢s deepest thoughts since the beginning of the story. Hamlet first contemplates whether is better to just live with the pain of his fatherââ¬â¢s murder or to take action and seek revenge for his father. Hamlet also believes that death is the same as going to sleep, forever. He thinks that if he could end all his troubles and sorrows by going to sleep, this is something that he would most welcome. His hesitation to kill himself is because when you sleep, you have dreams, which would be disturbing. Hamlet also believes that a corrupt leader, Clauduis, is now ruling the country that once was ruled by a very noble king. Hamlet believes he has to live with the tyrantââ¬â¢s injustice, the rudeness of man, the slow process of receiving justice for their crimes and the unfairness that the innocent or humble have to suffer. Hamlet also reflects on that how ourShow MoreRelated Hamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in Shakespeare s Hamlet833 Words à |à 4 PagesHamlets Transformation from Good to Evil in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamletââ¬â¢s transforms from good to evil in the play Hamlet by Shakespeare. Hamlet experiences a lot of pain and becomes very anger because of his fatherââ¬â¢s death, his motherââ¬â¢s bad remarriage, and the loss of his only love, Ophelia. The losses that Hamlet has to deal with are the anger and lack of forgiveness build in himself. This allows Hamletââ¬â¢s true thoughts and character to be revealed through his soliloquies. First, HamletRead MoreHamlet and Gertrudes Relationship Essay824 Words à |à 4 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare focuses on the title character plotting vengeance against Claudius for his fathers murder to capture the Danish crown. The new king is also Hamlets uncle and now stepdad due to the marriage with his mother, Gertrude. Through a sequence of events, the protagonist eventually avenges his father, although both his mother and himself fall to a tragic fate as well. Throughout the course of the play, the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude changes from strained to aRead MoreRevenge in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1695 Words à |à 7 Pages Imagine a play in which a prince is seeking revenge of his fatherââ¬â¢s murder and ultimately succeeds. Now, imagine a play with the same plot, but with young love, dramatic scenes denying this love, and true madness that leads to suicide. Which sounds better? Which would hold your attention longer? Odds are that the second p lay described is the choice you have chosen or unknowingly chosen in your thoughts. If it is not, then you would be missing out on one of the most famous plays written by WilliamRead MoreProblems in the Revenge Tragedy: William Shakespeares Hamlet2646 Words à |à 11 Pages Shakespeares Hamlet presents the generic elements found in Renaissance revenge tragedies (Revenge Tragedy). However, although Hamlet is a revenge tragedy by definition, Shakespeare complicates the basic revenge plot by creating three revenge plots out of one. By adding significant innovations, Shakespeare creates three concentric rings of revenge (Frye 90), depicting an indecisive protagonist who is an intellectual rather than a physical hero, an ambiguous ghost, and several problematic aspectsRead MoreA Heros Journey3224 Words à |à 13 PagesA Heroââ¬â¢s Journey: Hamlet and Simba What images come to mind as you reflect on your childhood? Playgrounds, blackboards, and soccer balls may be among the warmest of memories. Yet for many mermaids swim their thoughts, princesses get swept of their feet, and lions roar to their loyal place in the animal kingdom. There is no doubt that todayââ¬â¢s entertainment has most of its touch using classical influences. Walt Disney has produced animated films that have captured the heart and imagination of audiencesRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare2573 Words à |à 11 PagesThroughout Hamlet, William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s eloquence and use of thematic imagery helps convey Hamletââ¬â¢s state of mind as troubled and ambiguous, establishing him as a tragic hero whose feelings of death are nothing short of an enigma. From the opening scene with the ominous apparition to the brutality of the final scene, death is seemingly portrayed further than that of its simplistic physical nature. Hamletââ¬â¢s thought provoking a nd introspective nature causes him to analyze death on different levelsRead MoreSociety : A Realm Of Doubt2191 Words à |à 9 PagesSociety: A Realm of Doubt Human beings are inherently social creatures. Individuals thrive from communication and self-expression. Thus, they create intricate interactive structuresà that stem from the cooperation and interdependence amongst groups. ââ¬Å"Society is something that precedes the individual,â⬠as Aristotle contends in his Politics; ââ¬Å"It comes to be for the sake of life, and exists for the sake of the good life.â⬠Nevertheless, man has become increasingly dubious of the world around him, recognizingRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words à |à 75 PagesP age |1 Top 30 Examples to Use as SAT Essay Evidence An exclusive special report from eSATPrepTips.com By Christian Heath P age |2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Adventurers and Explorers: Amelia Earhart (Female Aviation Pioneer) ................................................................................................ 5 Christopher iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-27105539939766446332020-05-07T00:16:00.001-07:002020-05-07T00:16:07.316-07:00The Changing Place of Slaves and Slavery in the American... The Changing Place of Slaves and Slavery in the American Nation Tomeka T. DeBruce HIS 203: American History to 1865 Prof. Corinne Barker October 15, 2012 The Changing Place of Slaves and Slavery in the American Nation In the beginning as early as 1502 the European slave traders shipped 11 to 16 million slaves to America. The English colonists had indentured servants instead of slaves. Indentured servants were servants that had a contract and only worked for a certain period of time. African American slaves were used when the English men were running out of indentured servants. The first African American slave was in 1619. They also had Irish, Scottish, English and German indentured servants. Over half the indentured slaves in theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦And it shows no clear connection between social identity and votes for the Republicans or Democrats in the Northern County. By 1662, the partus sequitur ventrem principle was adopted by the southern colonies. It openly discriminated the slaves by confining them into a certain category of population. Their children were supposed to inherit the status of their mothers regardless of whom the father was. In other words, they would still be non citizens. This was prompted by the enactment of several legislations like the 1712 Slave Codes which was later adopted by nearly all the colonial states. Together with many amendments and court rulings, this migrant group was stripped of American citizenship alongside other privileges exclusively reserved for the whites. It clearly stipulated that no slave shall enjoy freedom of movement, association, sell or buy a property, be taught how to read and write, employed, demand for payment, plant corns, domesticate pets or possess any goods or weapons. If so, and caught, they would be punished by whipping, nose slitting, branding, chopping off the ear, castration or killing (Stockwell, 2012). The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued to the agencies of the United States by President Lincoln during the civil war that proclaimed that all slaves in the Confederate territories be forever free. The Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from theShow MoreRelatedLincoln, Race, And The Spirit Of The 761247 Words à |à 5 PagesLincoln the greatest American president would be surprised to discover that he endorsed black colonizations, did not promote civil and political equality for blacks in the free state of Illinoisâ⬠(3). By having Lucas E. Morel expressing that, ââ¬Å"endorsed black colonizationsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"not promote civil and political equalityâ⬠shows two ways of how Lincoln was great, but at the same time was not. If Lincoln allowed black colonizations he would demonstrate equality for them, since the freed slaves are still notRead MoreAmerican Slavery Essay983 Words à |à 4 P agesSlavery, especially in America, has been an age old topic of riveting discussions. Specialist and other researchers have been digging around for countless years looking for answers to the many questions that such an activity provided. They have looked into the economics of slavery, slave demography, slave culture, slave treatment, and slave-owner ideology (p. ix). Despite slavery being a global issue, the main focus is always on American slavery. Peter Kolchin effectively illustrates in his bookRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1728 Words à |à 7 Pagesindividualsâ⬠. Slavery was a struggle that America had to overcome in the 1800s in order for America to progress. At the time, slaves were also going through hard times by getting separated from their families and going through excessive hard work on the plantations. Even though it was a struggle for the north, and the slaves, but not for the south since it was a benefit for them. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was put in to the Presidential office and would have a major impact on our nation by affectingRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States935 Words à |à 4 Pagesinstitution he knew that to oppose the issue could tear the nation completely apart. In 1820, during James Monroeââ¬â¢s Presidency the Missouri Compromise was approved. The Missouri Compromise essentially regulated the balance for the admittance of Slave and Free States into the Union. In Thomas Flemingââ¬â¢s A Disease in the Public Mind the author, states that with the Compromiseââ¬â¢s passing that Jefferson declared that it signaled the end of the Union of the nation as they had once known it. With this idea in mindRead MoreSlavery During The American Revolution Essay1523 Words à |à 7 PagesSlavery was held out until 1865, but during this time period abolitionist are trying to do anything to stop slavery. The reason being is because slavery wasnââ¬â¢t slavery anymore. Slavery was beginning to become more advance due t o technological innovation. The Abolitionist are people that were against slavery and would boycott anything to get rid of slavery. The argument that the Abolitionist had during this time period was its conditions as violating Christianââ¬â¢s principals and rights to equalityRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War1516 Words à |à 7 PagesStates experienced one of its troubled moments in History. The nation was suffering from cilvil disorder, moral values, political struggles amongst a dividing nation. The ââ¬Å"slaveâ⬠states ( The South ) created the Confederation States of America, thus separating from the Northern States. Both sides were growing in opposites directions, economically and different social views. Of the industrialization and the evolving workforce, slavery and its cruel practices were the biggest concern of both partiesRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Long Term Issue1622 Words à |à 7 Pagesa momentous time in American history. America was a country d ivided with two regions waging war on each other. The north and the south were split apart into the Union and the Confederacy. South Carolina was the first to secede from the Union and was followed by ten more states. The complexity as to why eleven states seceded from the Union has been a question that historians have explored for years. Explanations such as political and economic issues have been uncovered. Slavery has also been an explanationRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1511 Words à |à 7 PagesSlavery, an issue never addressed in the 19th century, but needed to be. It was a huge, controversial subject in the past, affecting the blacks, as well as the people of the North and South due to their strong beliefs and differences in opinion. Southerners treated slaves poorly because they believed they were better than African Americans. Though, we are all equal, the majority of people did not see the world that way back then. Slavery was unfair and had a horrible effect on the slaves. AlthoughRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Antebellum Period1494 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Antebellum period, meaning ââ¬Å"pre-warâ⬠in Latin, is defined in American History as the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812. It was marked by the rise of abolition and the steady polarization of the nation between the viewpoints of pro and anti-slavery and the people behind them. The two sides bitterly argued for their cause. Advocates of slavery included religion, economics, morals, politics, and even the Constitution to further their arguments; likewise, abolitionists used similarRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The North And The South During Antebellum1120 Words à |à 5 Pagessignificant changes took place in terms of political, social and economic effects in America. The United States economy was changed from an underdeveloped country of frontiersmen and farmers into an industrialized economy. The South American depended on agriculture while t he Northern part had many industries. The two parts differed in terms of slavery policies in the country as the south advocated for preservation of slaves while the North championed abolition of slavery policies. In addition, during iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-64527421070163287082020-05-06T21:21:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:21:27.686-07:00The Theology And Practice Of Pastoral Care Essay - 1198 Words The Protestant Reformation indicated that a human can ââ¬Å"connect to God and can do so without the aid of a priest.â⬠The ecclesiology behind this is basically what aids me in my ministry. Peterson, in his book Essential Church, explains ââ¬Å"the primary affirmation is not that each person is his or her own priest but that each Christian can be a priest, advocate, intercessor, and evangelist to others.â⬠William Willimon, Pastor: the Theology and Practice of Ordained Ministry, highlights a variety of ways in which a pastor functions. In this paper, I am going to explain the ways in which my current ministry setting connects with the concept of priest as pastor in relation to worship and the connect and context of pastoral care while teaching others that they are able to accomplish the same task. Willimon explains that ââ¬Å"all of the pastorââ¬â¢s sheepherding takes its purpose and content from the pastorââ¬â¢s leadership of worship.â⬠Willimon indic ates several points in which I agree with and a few that I struggle with. As a pastor, we assume a responsibility for the people who attend the church. With that responsibility, we also are responsible ââ¬Å"to God for the flock.â⬠That responsibility is not to be taken lightly. It is through the worship that pastors have an incredible opportunity to tough the life of many souls. Although it is viewed by many as the pastor touching the souls; it is truly God touching the souls and utilizing the pastor as the vehicle. If the question is ââ¬Å"whoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Dangerous Calling1042 Words à |à 5 Pagesby Paul David Tripp digs deep into the heart of pastoral ministry. Tripp unfolds the pastoral ministry of today to encourage and warn young and old pastors through stories, the Gospel and Godââ¬â¢s Word. In Dangerous Calling, the book dissects the pastorââ¬â¢s life into three sections: Examining Pastoral Culture, The Danger of Losing Your Awe, and The D anger of Arrival. In each section, there are deep and real truths about pastoral ministry. In pastoral ministry, the heart makes or breaks the ministryRead MoreThe Shape of Practical Theology638 Words à |à 3 PagesBook Report: The Shape of Practical Theology In The Shape of Practical Theology: Empowering Ministry with Theological Praxis, Ray Anderson attempts what he considers a new approach to modern Christianity. Anderson believes that the modern church is plagued by a significant divide between theology and practical Christianity. Many churches approach these two aspects of religion as if they are separate, rather the practical sides of Christianity lacking. Therefore, Andersons goal in the book isRead MoreThe Three Models Of The Christian Church1381 Words à |à 6 Pagescontract society.â⬠First of all any model of ministry should be designed to mirror the image of Christ. According to Wesley Carr a model of ministry is a way of interpreting life and itsââ¬â¢ experiences as moments of the divine. Through pastoral practice we strive to help fellow human beings develop and become Christ like believers. Our main goal should be to respond biblically, always putting God first, and following Christââ¬â¢s example in our behavior. Mark 10:45 ââ¬Å"For even the Son of ManRead MoreMy Personal Theology Of Preaching Essay1819 Words à |à 8 PagesNovember 6, 2016 RStump Personal Theology of Preaching My personal theology of preaching has evolved in surprising and inspiring ways this semester as my pastoral identity has become clearer through my exegetical explorations, further discernment of my pastoral call, and my ministerial experiences with both my supervisor and the church members at my supervised ministry placement. This ongoing formation of my pastoral identity has been a journey of personal discovery of both my gifts and weaknessesRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Preaching Essay1852 Words à |à 8 PagesMy personal theology of preaching has evolved in surprising and inspiring ways this semester as my pastoral identity has become clearer through my exegetical explorations, further discernment of my pastoral call, and my ministerial experiences with both my supervisor and the church members at my supervised ministry placement. This ongoing formation of my pastoral identity has been a journey of personal discovery of both my gifts and weaknesses, as well as a deep expl oration of my faith in God. Read MorePersonal Theology Of Preaching And Ministry Essay1748 Words à |à 7 Pages Personal Theology Of Preaching And Ministry Nicole Vogel 12/6/2016 SEPL610 Practice of Preaching Professor Suzanne Duchesne As a future minister, I recognize the importance in understanding my theological perspective which has an effect on my understanding of the role as a minster and particularly the role of preaching. Oneââ¬â¢s personal theology affects the neurological wiring in oneââ¬â¢s brain which unconsciously influences decisions and actions. There are specific theological views that IRead MoreReflection Administration For Effective Ministry1078 Words à |à 5 Pagesbiblical principles into business literature. While there is a danger in adopting business principles in the church without discernment, business should more openly acknowledge the contribution of biblical principles that shape economics and business practices and the church should reciprocate in kind. The challenge for administrative leaders in ministry is to understand that Christians do not live a bifurcated life. There is not a Monday through Friday world and a Sunday world. Biblical principles andRead MoreI Am A Student In The Master Of Divinity Program At Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary,1325 Words à |à 6 PagesGod, and has established a desire to further explore theology in the academy. Therefore, I am applying to the Master of Theological Studies program, with a desire to focus on Theology and Ethics. I am seeking admission into this program to further my growth as a scholar and researcher of theology in the context of western media. Studying theology and social ethics at Garett-Evangelical has broadened my understanding of ethics relative to theology. The most important thing that I have learned is howRead MoreThe, Formation And Reflection : A Key Indicator Of The Depth1717 Words à |à 7 Pagesdeeply significant. The book, Formation and Reflection: The Promise of Practical Theology, enlists some great minds and theorists to identify current key aspects of this caveat to impart principles that propose a way to draw a bridge that can help not only span this lacuna but draw the sides together. In this work, Lewis and Mudge (editorââ¬â¢s) disclosed their initial hypothesis as twofold. First, practical theology, ââ¬Å"needed to be mapped.â⬠(vii) Second, ââ¬Å"distinctive insights could be gained by introducingRead MoreDescription Of The Image Of God838 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"Whoever sheds human blood, by humans shall their blood be shed; for in the image of God has God made mankind.â⬠Is an example that the image of God still existed even after the fall of mankind into sin. John Calvin believed this to be true in his theology according to John S. Hammet ââ¬Å"Calvin saw the image not as totally erased but hideously distorted and deformed.â⬠This concept is what Calvin described as Total Depravity, nevertheless, the image of God was not lost just distorted, and can be restored iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-79335562951301182842020-05-06T09:11:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:11:50.978-07:00Value System in Nepal Free Essays string(66) " system ought to be consistent, quite often this is not the case\." What is value system? In simple way value system means the principle of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group. Values can be defined as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As such, values reflect a personââ¬â¢s sense of right and wrong or what ââ¬Å"oughtâ⬠to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Value System in Nepal or any similar topic only for you Order Now 40ââ¬Å"Equal rights for allâ⬠and ââ¬Å"People should be treated with respect and dignityâ⬠are representative of values. Values tend to influence attitudes and behavior.For example, if you value equal rights for all and you go to work for an organization that treats its managers much better than it does its workers, you may form the attitude that the company is an unfair place to work; consequently, you may not produce well or may perhaps leave the company. It is likely that if the company had had a more egalitarian policy, your attitude and behaviors would have been more positive. A value system is in essence the ordering and prioritization of the ethical and ideological values that an individual or society holds. While two individuals or groups may share a set of common values, they may differ in their determination of which values in that set have precedence over others. The two individuals or groups are said to have different value systems, even though they may have many values in common, if their prioritization of values differs, or if there are different exceptions they attach to these values. Groups and individuals whose differing value systems have many values in common may still wind up in conflict, ideological or physical, with each other, because of the differences in their value systems.People with differing value systems will thus disagree on the rightness or wrongness of certain actions, both in the abstract and in specific circumstances. In essence, a value system (if sufficiently well-defined) is a formalization of a moral code. The premise behind the discipline of rigorously examining value systems and the differences between them (given the provisional name ethonomics) is that an understanding of these differences in prioritization of values can lead to greater understanding about the politics (and motivations) of individuals and groups.While political discourse in recent times has frequently focused on the ââ¬Å"valuesâ⬠held by the people engaging in the discourse (be they candidates, office holders, or media pundits), in reality those being compared share many (perhaps most) values in common. It is in their prioritization of those values that they differ, causing them (as a result of these different prioritizations) to come to different conclusions about what is right and wrong, and to take different actions accordingly.One example of a simple formal value system is Isaac Asimovââ¬â¢s Three Laws of Robotics, which is intended as value system (of sorts) for robots in the hypothetical future of Asimovââ¬â¢s science fiction novels. Simply distilled, the laws stipulate that: * human life is of primary importance and value (ââ¬Å"A robot may not harm a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. ââ¬Å") * orders given by human beings to robots are secondary, to be obeyed as long as they do not violate the first law (ââ¬Å"A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. ) * a robotââ¬â¢s own existence is of tertiary value, meaning that a robot should preserve its own l ife only if the other two laws have been satisfactorily complied with (ââ¬Å"A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. ââ¬Å") Naturally, this is a very simplistic set of values, but the idea behind formalization of value systems is that more complex value systems that apply to human society might be derived or mapped from similar principles and structures, and that conflicts between such value systems might be resolved rationally.Definitions Values In order to define value systems, we need to define the characteristics of values that could be represented in a value system. The values that a group or person holds may fall into several different categories. The ones that usually concern us in the area of value systems are the ethical and the ideological. * Ethical values may be thought of as those values which serve to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, and moral and immoral. At a societal level, these values frequently form a basis for what is permitted and what is prohibited. Ideological values deal with the broader or more abstract areas of politics, religion, economics, and social mores. In theory, the broader ideological values should derive logically as natural consequences of the particulars of fundamental ethical values and their prioritizations. But although ideally a value system ought to be consistent, quite often this is not the case. You read "Value System in Nepal" in category "Papers" Value Systems As mentioned earlier, a value system is the ordering and prioritization of the ethical and ideological values that an individual or society holds.The specific prioritizations may lead to designated exceptions invoked because one value is deemed more important than another (e. g. , ââ¬Å"lying is wrong, but lying to save someone elseââ¬â¢s life is acceptable, because human life is more valuable (more highly valued) than the principle that lying is wrongâ⬠). Regardless of whether or not value systems are formed logically, they determine for individuals and societies what actions they are likely to act and how those actions are likely to be justified (or perhaps ââ¬Ërationalizedââ¬â¢). Characteristics of Value SystemsValue systems can be categorized along multiple axes: * They can be personal, held by an individual and applicable only to an individual, or they can be communal or societal, defined by and applying to a community or society. Communal value sys tems may be legal codes take on the force of law in many societies. * They can be internally consistent, where the broader ideological values derive logically as natural consequences of the particulars of fundamental ethical values, and where values do not contradict each other, or they can be inconsistent.Although ideally a value system ought to be consistent, quite often this is not the case in practice. Note that valuing the consistency of a value system is itself a sort of ââ¬Ëmeta-valueââ¬â¢, that could be present or absent in a given value system. * They can be idealized value systems (ideal representations of an individualââ¬â¢s or groupââ¬â¢s value prioritizations) or realized value systems (how such a value system is manifested in reality, in the actions and decisions of the individual or group).Idealized value systems tend to be absolute, in that they are codified as a strict set of proscriptions on behavior, while realized value systems contain conditional exceptions that are rules to resolve collisions between values in pract ical circumstances. Personal vs. Communal A value system may be held by a group of people, a community or society, or it might be held by an individual. An individual personââ¬â¢s value system might be consistent with or equivalent to the communityââ¬â¢s value system. Consistency does not imply equivalence, though.An individualââ¬â¢s value system might even hold the person to a higher standard, and still be consistent with the communityââ¬â¢s value system. (Consistency within a value system, described below, refers to the degree to which contradictions and overt situational exceptions are absent from that value system; consistency between value systems means that any action that might be taken in one value system would not contradict the rules associated with another. ) Exceptions One way of looking at differences between value systems is to think of the exceptions to the ââ¬Å"rulesâ⬠associated with values.These could be abstract exceptions (which are generalized enough in the way they are defined to take hold in all situations) and situational exceptions (which only can be said to be applied in very specific sit uations). The more generalized the exception, the more useful it is in a wider context for defining a consistent value system. In general, abstract exceptions serve to reinforce the prioritization of values, e. g. : Lying is wrong, but lying to save someone elseââ¬â¢s life is acceptable, because preserving a human life is more valuable (more highly valued) than the adhering to the principle that lying is wrong.In a formal value system (idealized or realized), the default exception associated with each value is assumed to be ââ¬Å"as long as no higher-priority value is violatedâ⬠. However, this hierarchical structure may be too simplistic in practice, and explicit exceptions may need to be specified. Examples of exceptions in practice: * We may commonly agree that telling the truth is an important positive value, and that conversely deception is inherently wrong. But we make both abstract and situational exceptions for circumstances where we may assert that lying is acceptable behavior. Thus lying to avoid causing another person pain as a general rule would be considered an abstract exception, while lying in a particular situation because a specific person, if lied to, might do a specific thing at a specific time would be considered a situational exception. * People may agree that stealing is wrong, but some people may believe that stealing if you are starving and want to feed yourself and your loved ones is more acceptable than stealing if you are a abitual thief who makes a living stealing from people, or if you are an already wealthy person whose greed leads you to steal from your partners, your investors, or those you do business with. Others may find nothing wrong with stealing from faceless corporations and business establishments but may frown upon stealing from individuals. Some may define certain acts to qualify as not stealing if they fit into some of these categories. * People who think that killing is wrong might make an exception for someone acting in s elf-defense, placing a higher value on preservation of oneââ¬â¢s own life than on the principle of ââ¬Å"thou shalt not killâ⬠.Someone in the military might accept the value that killing another person is wrong yet may see nothing wrong with killing someone (in self-defense or not) in the course of or following the orders of a military commander (assumed to have a valid reason for ordering the killing), placing a higher value on discipline/loyalty and ââ¬Å"defending oneââ¬â¢s countryâ⬠. Conversely, a conscientious objector might prioritize the value that killing is wrong not only over military actions but even over self-defense. Many people in the business world might include the Golden Rule (which says ââ¬Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto youâ⬠) in their value system, but in practice they might place higher priority on the values like ââ¬Å"Every man for himselfâ⬠or ââ¬Å"Let the buyer bewareâ⬠. Conversely, another person might find that prioritization morally repugnant, and accuse the businessman of being unethical (or even of a form of theft) if he sells merchandise he knows to be shoddy, or deceives those he tries to do business with. ConsistencyA value system whose exceptions are abstract, generalized enough to be used in all situations, is said to be an internally consistent value system. On the other hand, a value system whose exceptions are highly situational, or whose exceptions are inconsistently applied, is said to be an internally inconsistent. A value systemââ¬â¢s consistency (or lack thereof) does not necessarily say anything about how ââ¬Ëgoodââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëevilââ¬â¢ it is. A value system that declares that lying and murder are acceptable, that essentially endorses a ââ¬Ëmight makes rightââ¬â¢ morality, could be internally consistent in its approach.Likewise, an internally inconsistent value system, loaded with inconsistently applied situational exceptions, might be considered perfectly acceptable if the ââ¬Ëmeta-valueââ¬â¢ of consistent application of values is not part of the value system. (The paradox here is that the absence of this value in a value system makes it consistent, because there is no constraint that says it must be consistent. It could be argued that those who explicitly omit this meta-value from their value system implicit endorse consistency as a value in that act of deliberate omission. On the other hand, those who hold this value ) Idealized vs.Realized These exceptions, especially when they are implicitly rather than explicitly defined, often yield a difference between an idealized value system and the realized value system. The idealized value system is the simple listing of values (in priority order) that a person or society would purport that they employ in determining right and wrong. The realized value system is the one they actually use in day-to-day life. While people claiming to employ a particular value system might say they place more value on x than y, more often than not there are deviations from this in practice. A consistent value system A religion may list a strong set of positive values, but its adherents and even those who are leaders of the religion may stray from those in practice. Idealized value systems often list strict rules (perhaps without any prioritizing order) but do not carefully define exceptions, abstract or situational. Realized value systems, in practice, often have a number of exceptions associated with them, but they may not be explicitly defined or consistently applied. Absolutists hold to their idealized value system and claim no exceptions other than the default.Defining Values Some fundamental values that most people seem to share, at least in theory, are: * ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to hurt, to harm, or especially to kill another person. â⬠* ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to steal from another person. â⬠* ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to lie. â⬠In practice, realized examples of these values would be a good deal more complicated, with exceptions already embedded within them. * ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to hurt another person, except in self-defense to keep them from hurting you, or if it is agreed upon with the other person as a step towards a mutually acceptable greater good (e. g. a doctor giving a patient a painful injection to cure an ailment). â⬠* ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to take something from someone in a non-consensual fashion without negotiating overtly with the other person and agreeing to a mutually satisfactory transfer or exchange. â⬠* ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to deceive another person knowingly for your own gain. â⬠* ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s wrong to take deliberate overt action to prevent another person from exercising his will as long as that exercise does not interfere with your own exercise of will, except when the other personââ¬â¢s will serves to violate the aforementioned principle s. In general, these values declare that ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s wrong to interfere in another personââ¬â¢s life unless they do things to interfere in yoursâ⬠This corresponds in essence to what has been called the Wiccan Rede which declares that ââ¬Å"[As long as it] harms none, do what thou wiltâ⬠. While this may seem an elegant moral principle, in practice it runs into trouble because of the differing priorities people place on specific individual values, because of the way differing value systems define what is and isnââ¬â¢t ââ¬Ëharmââ¬â¢, and perhaps most of all because of the different exceptions implicitly or explicitly defined in a value system.Examples of conflicting value systems This section is devoted to the process of using rational analysis to resolve conflicts between value systems. Individualism vs. collectivism In individualism, the needs and wants of the individual take precedence over the needs and wants of a society or community. The implicit excep tion inherent in individualism is usually ââ¬Å"as long as the actions of the individual do not harm other individuals. â⬠Absolutists may claim that even this exception does not hold. In collectivism, the needs and wants of the society or community take precedence over the needs and wants of the individual. Rarely is the exception invoked that this is true ââ¬Å"as long as the actions of the society do not restrict individuals . â⬠It could be argued that a rational value system puts value on the needs and wants of the society or community structure, but does not give this more value than the needs and wants of the individuals within it.It is relatively easy to argue the case for this prioritization: under collectivism, a community could decide (however such decisions might be made) that it would work better if there were no people in it to interfere with the smooth running of society. While this might be true, since people tend to ââ¬Å"complicateâ⬠the smooth running of any social order, it would create a society without any people, something which is clearly against the interest of the people in that societyââ¬âwould we rationally advocate our o wn extinction if it made the ââ¬Å"systemâ⬠of society run better?A rational resolution to the conflict between individualism and collectivism might structure these values in this manner: 1. The rights of individuals to act as they wish is unencumbered, unless their actions harm others or interfere with othersââ¬â¢ free exercise of their individual rights, and as long as their actions do not interfere with functions of society that other individuals depend upon, provided those functions do not themselves interfere with these proscribed individual rights and were agreed to by a majority of the individuals. . A society (or more specifically the system of order that enables the workings of a society) exists for the purpose of benefitting the lives of the individuals who are members of that society. The functions of a society in providing such benefits would be those agreed to by the majority of individuals in the society. 1. A society may require contributions from its members in order for them to benefit from the services provided by the society.The failure of individuals to make such required contributions could be considered a reason to deny those benefits to them, although a society could elect to consider hardship situations in determining how much should be contributed. 1. A society may restrict behavior of individuals who are members of the society only for the purpose of performing its designated functions agreed to by the majority of individuals in the society, only insofar as they violate the aforementioned values. This means that a society may abrogate the rights of any of its members who fails to uphold the aforementioned values. Of necessity, as you can see here, the exceptions associated with values like these can become recursive and often convoluted. The name proposed for the discipline that tries to perform this taskââ¬âmapping and formalizing value system prioritizations and resolving conflicts between disparate value systems through rational analysisââ¬âis ethonomics. How to cite Value System in Nepal, Papers iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-18330801642818447572020-05-06T05:08:00.001-07:002020-05-06T05:08:06.568-07:00Discussion about relevance of ethical theories in ict industry Question: Discuss about theRelevance of Ethical Theories in ICT Industry. Answer: Introduction: From the beginning the ICT industry is an industry of debate and controversy due to the security concerns and ethics related issues. Therefore it is important to address the different ethical issues in the ICT industry. Primarily this issues includes privacy, intellectual content right and violation of different ethical principles. The purpose of this report is to address the relevance of different ethical theories in the operations and practices of ICT industry. Moreover, this essay also finds out the connection between the code of ethics like ACS, ACM, and IEEE code of ethics and different ethical theories. This particular assignment firmly focuses on analyzing the relevance of Ethical theory in ICT industry. This study discusses the different ethical theories that relevant to ICT industry. Compare and contrast all the theories with examples. Moreover, this essay also explain the relevance of ethical theories with the code of ethics Discussion and Analysis Discussion about Different Ethical Theories Ethics can be defined as moral standards that is helpful for people to guide their actions, behaviour and choices. Hence it is important to provide guidelines to users so that they can combat with different malicious attacks on availability, confidentiality and integrity of electronic system and data (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). Ethics in information and communication technology helps users to avoid different possible dangers like fraud and forgery; cyber offences related to ownership of content like violations of intellectual property rights.There are different ethical principles that are followed in Information and communication technology (Stahl et al. 2014). This list of theories includes theory of beneficence, theory of least harm, respect to autonomy, theory of utilitarianism, theory of deontology, theory of rights and lastly theory of virtue. Theory of virtue: This ethical theory judges a person by their character and not by their actions that may change from their normal behaviour (Crossler et al. 2013). It considers an individuals reputation, morals and their motivation while rating his/ her irregular behaviour. The weakness of this theory is it does not consider an individuals change in moral character. Therefore it becomes impossible to determine the deviation of someones moral from his/ her regular behaviour (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). Theory of Rights: In this ethical theory, main aim is to protect rights that are established by society. These rights are protected since these are ethically correct and endorsed by a large number of people from the society (Crossler et al. 2013). The major drawback of this ethical theory is, it is almost impossible to determine the unethical until someone has the idea about the characteristics of right in a particular society. The society determines that which rights are to be upheld and which are going to be given to its citizens (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). Hence to effectively use the theory of rights it needs to be used in combination with another theory that determines particular goals and priorities of a certain society. Theory of Beneficence: The theory of beneficence helps the decision maker helps the decision maker to choose between right and wrong (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). This theory helps to have a possible and acceptable solution for an ethical question or dilemma (Stahl et al. 2014). This theory is mainly associated with utilitarian ethical theory. Theory of least harm: This theory deals with situations in which no decision seems to be beneficial. In this situations decision is made to do least harm (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). It is done since the harm is unavoidable and to minimize the effect of the harm to a lesser number of people. Theory of Deontology: The ethical theories of this class suggest that users should abide by the obligations and responsibilities when they are making decisions and ethics has its role in this process (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). According to this theory, a user who adhere deontological theory is very consistent with his/her decisions as those decisions are based upon their duties. Since information communication technology is used as tool of gathering knowledge, therefore it is important to protect the rights which are already considered as legal in different regions of world. According to Daz-Campo and Segado-Boj (2015), violations of these rights created new problems like cyber-crime, digital security related concerns. These issues had affected users of ICT in direct or indirect way (Crossler et al. 2013). In the countries where internet and other ICT technologies are used widely, absence of ethical guidelines has caused huge harm to the business, governmental organization or to individuals. Comparison and Contrast Between Different Theories Comparison between Deontology and virtue theory: The deontology theory states that an action is ethical if it is based on some principle or any moral rule (Stahl,Eden, Jirotka and Coeckelbergh 2014). Again according to virtue theory actions rightness is determined according to the circumstances in which they are taken. According to deontology morals rules are those which require rationality. In case of virtue theory the decisions are dependent on the acts of virtuous agents (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). The virtue is a character trait that is needed by people to live well in the society. Relativist vs. Objectivist: In case of relativist, he/she thinks moral or ethical principles do not reflect absolute truth but changes its meaning relatively according to the cultural, historical and personal references (Ifinedo 2012). On the other hand, objectivist thinks that ethical principles are a set of values which will guide an individuals actions and choices. In general it can be said that relativism is dependent on the different variables depending on different scenarios. The normal and moral behaviour is defined in every culture. Therefore, it is not necessary that an act of a professional considered right in a culture is also right in another culture (Hersh 2015). In this way different organizations in different cultures have conflicts between them. On the contrary, objectivism provides a concrete and exact definition of things. Therefore, for an ICT practice relativism determines its rightness depending upon the circumstances (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). On the contrary objectivism gives a concrete definition for the rightness of a particular practice. Objectivism states that, certain moral principles are valid for all individuals and cultures of a specific region. Deontology vs. Consequentialism: The word deontology comes from Greek word Deon, which means duty (Ifinedo 2012). The deontological ethical theories primarily have three features. According to this theory the duty should be done for dutys sake. According to this theory, ICT professionals should take decisions that are based on rules and fulfils their duty. In deontology the action is taken in a situation without thinking about the product of the action (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). This theory states that at least some actions are morally obligatory. On the contrary the theory of consequentialism is a way of justifying professionals actions, by considering the consequences of the taken decision. This theory concentrates on maximizing the good for a taken action or decision (Hersh 2015). Statement of Professional Code of Ethics (ACS) ACS is abbreviation of Australian computer society. This society can be thought as a guardian of ethics for the Australian ICT industry. Hence it has developed a standard of ethics and codes of conduct for the information and communication technology professionals (Obalola, Aduloju and Olowokudejo 2012). The codes are related to priorities, honesty, competence, social implication and professional development. Code of ethics of a company or organization helps it by setting out the values that strengthen the code and will depicts organizations obligation to its stakeholders. According to the code of ethics of ACS an ICT professional should serve according to the interests of their employers and clients. In general they should serve the interest of community (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). They should be honest about representing skills, services and knowledge. Moreover, the professional should enhance the quality of livelihood of the people who will be affected by his/her work. At the same time professional should also enhance their own professional development. At last the code of ethics endorses professionalism (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015. Professionalism in code of ethics states that, professionals should enhance the integrity of society and respect other members of ACS. The ethical code of competence states that a professional should accept only those tasks or works that he/she is competent to perform. Therefore individuals should be aware of their limitations and obligations (Crossler et al. 2013). This professional code implies that professionals should not misrepresent their own skills and knowledge. This code is supported by ethical theory of deontology. As it is not possible for an individual to have knowledge about all aspects or facets information and communication technology, therefore it is important to recognize the need of additional expertise and knowledge whenever required. Being a new industry, ICT is characterized by rapid changes in this specific field. Therefore, it is important to increase and improve confidence of people in the ICT industry (Daz-Campo and Segado-Boj 2015). In order to do this the professionals should refrained from any action in their professional role that can harm the image of the ICT profession (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). All this are important to depict professionalism for a professional. This professional code is driven by ethical theory of virtue. Connection Between the Professional Code of Ethics and Ethical Theories The ethical theories provides us a set of rules or framework that helps users to identify the problem, parties that are going to be harmed and parties involved in implementation of the course of action to resolve a particular ethical question (Crossler et al. 2013). Most of the theories provide a common framework to resolve any ethical issue in ICT industry. In order to resolve an ethical question the following steps are used, Collection of information: t first gathering of relevant facts and information about the particular ethical problem is done. At this stage assumptions related to the problem is removed and it is investigated that if any regulatory body or person can help in the problem. Identification of effected parties: In this stage the organizations, stake holders and individuals who can be affected by the problem are identified. Moreover, the conflicts between different stake holders and the way they are going to be affected by the ethical issue are discussed (Gillespie and Ananny 2015). Ethical issues involved: At this stage the ethical issues which are involved in the problem scenario are identified. Particularly the organizational, professional and personal ethical issues are investigated (Lennerfors, Fors and van Rooijen 2015). In addition to this, effect of these ethical issues on information and telecommunication industry is also checked at this stage. Identification of fundamental principles: Here it is investigated that which are the fundamental principles that will be affected like, Integrity, professional behaviour, confidentiality and competence (Crossler et al. 2013). After the identification, course of action is determined which includes use of organizational policies, guidelines and other applicable laws and regulations to resolve the ethical question. Conclusion It is important set some standard or ethical rules to refrain professionals and ordinary peoples from different illegal and unethical actions. Often professionals feel that legal actions are the moral actions too, but its not true in all cases. Therefore, enforcing the ethical rules moral decisions are need to be justified according to the rules and regulations of a particular profession. These values help professionals to act with responsibility and integrity in all of their professional dealings. Being a new technology, the ethical questions related to it are more abstract. Therefore the issues and there possible solutions are unknown and results are uncertain. It is crucial that, professionals should have prior understanding of different ethical issues that may arise later. In addition to this, the enforcement of code of ethics will help the professionals the responsibilities and duties related to the profession. There is a growing demand for taking ethical design in to account in ICT industry. References Crossler, R.E., Johnston, A.C., Lowry, P.B., Hu, Q., Warkentin, M. and Baskerville, R., 2013. Future directions for behavioral information security research.computers security,32, pp.90-101 Daz-Campo, J. and Segado-Boj, F., 2015. Journalism ethics in a digital environment: How journalistic codes of ethics have been adapted to the Internet and ICTs in countries around the world.Telematics and Informatics,32(4), pp.735-744. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P.H., Borning, A. and Huldtgren, A., 2013. Value sensitive design and information systems. InEarly engagement and new technologies: Opening up the laboratory(pp. 55-95). Springer Netherlands. Gillespie, T. and Ananny, M., 2015. Introduction.Information, Communication Society,18(3), pp.251-254. Hansen, J.M. and Walden, E., 2013. The role of restrictiveness of use in determining ethical and legal awareness of unauthorized file sharing.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(9), pp.521-549. Hersh, M., 2015. Ethical Engineering: Definitions, Theories and Techniques. InEthical Engineering for International Development and Environmental Sustainability(pp. 15-62). Springer London. Ifinedo, P., 2012. Understanding information systems security policy compliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory.Computers Security,31(1), pp.83-95. Lennerfors, T.T., Fors, P. and van Rooijen, J., 2015. ICT and environmental sustainability in a changing society: The view of ecological World Systems Theory.Information Technology People,28(4), pp.758-774. Lindley, D., Aynsley, B., Driver, M., Godfrey, R., Hart, R., Heinrich, G., Unhelkar, B. and Wilkinson, K., 2013. 11. Educating for professionalism in ICT: Is learning ethics professional development?.Professionalism in the Information and Communication Technology Industry,3, p.211 Miano, R., Aller, C.F., Anguera, . and Portillo, E., 2015. Introducing ethical, social and environmental issues in ICT engineering degrees.Journal of Technology and Science Education,5(4), pp.272-285. Mutula, S.M., 2013. Ethical Dimension of the Information Society: implications for Africa.Information Ethics in Africa: Cross-Cutting Themes, Pretoria: AC, pp.29-42. Ocholla, D. and Britz, J., 2013. Complexities in Understanding and Developin Information Ethics in Africa.Mousaion,31(2). Shin, S.K., 2015. Teaching critical, ethical and safe use of ICT in pre-service teacher education.Language Learning and Technology,19(1), pp.181-197. Slade, S. and Prinsloo, P., 2013. Learning analytics ethical issues and dilemmas.American Behavioral Scientist,57(10), pp.1510-1529. Stahl, B.C., Eden, G., Jirotka, M. and Coeckelbergh, M., 2014. From computer ethics to responsible research and innovation in ICT: The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems.Information Management,51(6), pp.810-818. Whitehouse, D., Duquenoy, P., Kimppa, K.K., Burmeister, O.K., Gotterbarn, D., Kreps, D. and Patrignani, N., 2016. Twenty-five years of ICT and society: codes of ethics and cloud computing.ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,45(3), pp.18-24. Obalola, M., Aduloju, K. and Olowokudejo, F., 2012. Organizational commitment and corporate ethical values: exploring the nexus between employees' psychological contract and firms' ethical behaviour in the Nigerian Insurance Industry.Journal of Management and Sustainability,2(1), p.43. iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-59020386055935569552020-04-27T03:07:00.001-07:002020-04-27T03:07:02.629-07:00Money Does Not Grow on Tree free essay sample In this modern society, what is the most important thing that people depend on to survive? Needless to say, it is money. Undeniably, money is needed for almost everything that we want. We need money to buy food, to have a place to live in, to go to school, to sit on the bus or even to go to a public toilet. There is an idiom which goes: ââ¬Å"Money does not grow on treesâ⬠. It is used to warn us to spend money carefully as most of us donââ¬â¢t have a lot of it. In short, money is as vital as the air we breathe in as without money we cannot establish ourselves in society. Since money does not grow on trees, where do we get money? Realistically speaking, it is hard work that enables us to have money. That is why most of us engage in some sort of work to earn a living. We will write a custom essay sample on Money Does Not Grow on Tree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In metropolitan cities such Kuala Lumpur, we can see many workaholics leave their houses early in the morning and come back home when the sun sets. Some even work on extra shifts until midnight. The competition for money is so fierce that everyone cannot slack in their work. However, the minority of lucky people, donââ¬â¢t need to start from scratch or start their business on a shoestring because they inherit wealth from their families. There are even more fortunate people who make gross unexpected wealth through a lottery ticket. But this kind of windfall is just a flash in the pan. Thus money is only valued by those who earn it by hard toil. This is because when we earn money through the blood and sweat of labour, we will spend it wisely and lavishly. Consider a man who gets his money by a stroke of luck or through a family inheritance. He only knows that money can buy fame or bring him many luxuries and pleasures. He entirely lacks the good habit of how spending frugally. He will spend freely without any planning. More often than not, such a person will end up in poverty. So, the most practical manner to accumulate wealth is through hard work, not counting on any windfall. An English proverb tells us that a penny saved is a penny earned. We, therefore need to be wise in the way we spend and always put aside enough money for a rainy day. Some people find that what they have never seems to be enough. Thatââ¬â¢s why we need to have a budget. In a budget, we carefully plan our expenditure according to priority. For example , the priority of a student should be his studies and not the must haves like trendy clothes, PSP, expensive gadgets and so on. By working out a budget, we are able to spend our money on the right priorities and avoid keeping up with the Joneses or succumbing to peer pressure to possess the latest and the best of everything. Indeed, working out a budget is the basic money management skill which will enable us to have a foothold in a future thriving business. Nowadays, it can be seen that a major obstacle to spending thriftily is the absence of saving. Saving is important especially for financial emergencies. To inculcate this virtue, we should consider the necessity of the things we purchase. Our brains should never ever be saturated by the thought of creature comfort . We ought to ask ourselves whether a particular item we intend to buy is necessary or not. Through this deep consideration ,a large amount of money can be saved from the pockets businessmen. We can also put the remainder of our daily allowance into a piggy bank, while bigger amounts of money can be deposited in banks. Of course, we can apply for a loan from other people, but it is even more satisfying if we can dig into our own pockets ,for any amount needed ,without worrying that our plea will be turned down. Unfortunately, some people resort to unscrupulous methods to get larger amounts of money. Many of the means are not what we call decent. We can read news about conmen or scams that defraud innocent people. To amass oneââ¬â¢s riches, many sins crop up in our world: bankers and goldsmiths are held at gunpoint, burglars break into houses, thugs extort from innocent victims and so on. Even some government workers are not spared from this foul and corrupt chain. Policemen take bribes and employees embezzle. When our rationale is veiled by the charisma of money, we usually make blunders and allow money to rule our lives . In a nutshell, we wonââ¬â¢t get any money without hard work as thereââ¬â¢s no shortcut to wealth. If we are too greedy to become rich, we will reap all the evil that the love of money brings about. Hence, the only way to earn a living is through industry and diligence as money does not grow on trees. While we can get by with whatever money we have, we need to work out a financial plan as the key to financial advancement is to be careful when spending money . We are humans bestowed with wisdom by Providence. Therefore, we ought to be smart when making purchases. Once we master the skill of restraint, weââ¬â¢ll find out that we donââ¬â¢t need an item so badly after all. Most importantly, money should be earned legally or else we will be entrapped by the evil lure of money. iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-58657117001671144962020-04-13T00:02:00.003-07:002020-04-13T00:02:43.677-07:00Sample Essay on the Zika VirusSample Essay on the Zika VirusIf you are a mother concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to start vaccinating your children against the Zika virus, you may want to consider writing a sample essay on the Zika virus. This may be a great way to make an impression in your area and help keep yourself and your child safe while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family.Writing a sample essay on the Zika virus is easy, but it does take work to write. You will need to research the details and the issues related to the Zika virus, and also research some facts about the disease itself. It is best to do this research ahead of time, before the summer arrives so that you can come up with some well thought out questions to ask when the doctor's visit.For those with a family member or friend who has been recently diagnosed with a communicable disease such as the Zika virus, or a child who has lost a loved one to a communicable disease, there is a sample essay on the Zika virus that you may want to use as a guide. Not only will this make it easier for you to find the information you need, but it can also help you formulate questions to ask your doctor and medical staff, if they have a more complex procedure to complete. This is one essay that many parents will find invaluable to helping them prepare for the process ahead.Having a sample essay on the Zika virus is not necessary. As a matter of fact, it is sometimes difficult to even locate this type of information online. Many of the websites that provide information about the virus do not offer any sort of sample essay on the Zika virus at all. You may have to hunt around in your local library or through local libraries online to find the information you need, or you may have to phone your doctor to get any assistance.The downside to having to do this is that you may lose out on the opportunity to speak with a doctor's office staff, who can p oint you in the right direction when you have questions that require further details or clarification. Because of this, many parents choose to write an essay on the Zika virus on their own, or in partnership with their child's physician.By making sure that you are able to interview your physician before you go ahead with a procedure, you will be able to ensure that you and your child are as safe as possible, as well as allow you to discuss the particular things that you are interested in doing. Although you may not be able to get any other assistance from the doctor, at least you will have an idea of what you can expect.In summary, if you are concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to be aware of the issues related to the Zika virus, a sample essay on the Zika virus may be a good idea. This is one essay that can be used to help keep yourself and your child healthy while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family. iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-75560157195170708882020-04-13T00:02:00.001-07:002020-04-13T00:02:43.218-07:00Sample Essay on the Zika VirusSample Essay on the Zika VirusIf you are a mother concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to start vaccinating your children against the Zika virus, you may want to consider writing a sample essay on the Zika virus. This may be a great way to make an impression in your area and help keep yourself and your child safe while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family.Writing a sample essay on the Zika virus is easy, but it does take work to write. You will need to research the details and the issues related to the Zika virus, and also research some facts about the disease itself. It is best to do this research ahead of time, before the summer arrives so that you can come up with some well thought out questions to ask when the doctor's visit.For those with a family member or friend who has been recently diagnosed with a communicable disease such as the Zika virus, or a child who has lost a loved one to a communicable disease, there is a sample essay on the Zika virus that you may want to use as a guide. Not only will this make it easier for you to find the information you need, but it can also help you formulate questions to ask your doctor and medical staff, if they have a more complex procedure to complete. This is one essay that many parents will find invaluable to helping them prepare for the process ahead.Having a sample essay on the Zika virus is not necessary. As a matter of fact, it is sometimes difficult to even locate this type of information online. Many of the websites that provide information about the virus do not offer any sort of sample essay on the Zika virus at all. You may have to hunt around in your local library or through local libraries online to find the information you need, or you may have to phone your doctor to get any assistance.The downside to having to do this is that you may lose out on the opportunity to speak with a doctor's office staff, who can p oint you in the right direction when you have questions that require further details or clarification. Because of this, many parents choose to write an essay on the Zika virus on their own, or in partnership with their child's physician.By making sure that you are able to interview your physician before you go ahead with a procedure, you will be able to ensure that you and your child are as safe as possible, as well as allow you to discuss the particular things that you are interested in doing. Although you may not be able to get any other assistance from the doctor, at least you will have an idea of what you can expect.In summary, if you are concerned about the current health of your child, or who would like to be aware of the issues related to the Zika virus, a sample essay on the Zika virus may be a good idea. This is one essay that can be used to help keep yourself and your child healthy while they are being prepared for a new disease that can be very dangerous for both them and their family. iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-75366486475514821072020-03-19T05:53:00.001-07:002020-03-19T05:53:02.856-07:00Free Essays on Hy The Internet Has Becoome Important In Business TodayWhy has the Internet become so Important to Businesses Today? The Internet represents a revolutionary medium for accessing and dissmeninating information. Many people have their working lives and productivity greatly enhanced by it and many more will do so in the future. Its traditions and free exchange and sharing have generated an open and liberal environment for the amassing and exchange of information. Its result has been a constantly expanding store of openly accessible on-line information, and an effective means of making one's own information globally available. Thousands of businesses use the internet in one way or another and there are myriad reasons why the business community should be connected to the internet; indeed, one of the fastest growing segments of the internet today is commercial. This essay will ask the question: What is the internet? As well as discuss its growth rate and popularity. Finally, during the course of this essay, the reasons why businesses see it as so important will be raised. Firstly, the internet is a network of networks consisting of over 40 000 autonomous networks. On the internet, one can exchange e-mail, access and participate in discussion forums, search databases, transfer files and so forth. Businesses can thus check stocks and shares, look at the current news, keep in contact with other firms across the globe, shop for software, and even search the internet for a potential employee through its on-line career centre. The internet therefore provides easy, fast communication for a vast community of network users throughout the world. There is a vast amount of information out there and it is growing fast. It is growing because a number of key conditions have come together. These include the capacity of the network infrastructure which has greatly increased; new software tolls are helping us to realise dreams of world wide, rapid distribution of information via attractive interfaces; more... Free Essays on Hy The Internet Has Becoome Important In Business Today Free Essays on Hy The Internet Has Becoome Important In Business Today Why has the Internet become so Important to Businesses Today? The Internet represents a revolutionary medium for accessing and dissmeninating information. Many people have their working lives and productivity greatly enhanced by it and many more will do so in the future. Its traditions and free exchange and sharing have generated an open and liberal environment for the amassing and exchange of information. Its result has been a constantly expanding store of openly accessible on-line information, and an effective means of making one's own information globally available. Thousands of businesses use the internet in one way or another and there are myriad reasons why the business community should be connected to the internet; indeed, one of the fastest growing segments of the internet today is commercial. This essay will ask the question: What is the internet? As well as discuss its growth rate and popularity. Finally, during the course of this essay, the reasons why businesses see it as so important will be raised. Firstly, the internet is a network of networks consisting of over 40 000 autonomous networks. On the internet, one can exchange e-mail, access and participate in discussion forums, search databases, transfer files and so forth. Businesses can thus check stocks and shares, look at the current news, keep in contact with other firms across the globe, shop for software, and even search the internet for a potential employee through its on-line career centre. The internet therefore provides easy, fast communication for a vast community of network users throughout the world. There is a vast amount of information out there and it is growing fast. It is growing because a number of key conditions have come together. These include the capacity of the network infrastructure which has greatly increased; new software tolls are helping us to realise dreams of world wide, rapid distribution of information via attractive interfaces; more... iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-29149525734348611392020-03-02T21:37:00.001-08:002020-03-02T21:37:02.687-08:00Understanding Citizen JournalismUnderstanding Citizen Journalism Citizen journalism involves private individuals, who are normally the consumers of journalism, generating their own news content. Citizens collect, report, analyze, and disseminate news and information, just as professional journalists would, creating what is known as user-generated content. These amateur journalists produce news in many forms, ranging from a podcast editorial to a report about a city council meeting on a blog, and is usually digital in nature. It can also include text, pictures, audio, and video. Social media plays a major role in disseminating news and promoting citizen journalism content. Since the general public has 24/7 access to technology, citizens are often the first on-scene for breaking news, getting these stories out more quickly than traditional media reporters. However, unlike professional journalists, citizen journalists may not have conducted the same background research and source verification, which can make these leads less reliable. Collaborations vs. Independent Reporting Citizens are able to contribute content, in one form or another, to existing professional news sites. This collaboration can be seen through readers posting their comments alongside stories written by professional reporters, like a 21st-century version of a letter to the editor. To prevent obscene or objectionable messages, many websites require readers to register in order to post. Readers are also adding their information to articles written by professional journalists. For instance, a reporter may do an article about disparities in gas prices around town. When the story appears online, readers can post information about gas prices in areas not covered in the original story and even offer tips on where to buy cheaper gas. This collaboration allows both citizen and professional journalists to craft a story together. Reporters might even ask readers with expertise in particular areas to send them information on that topic or even do some of their own reporting. That information is then incorporated into the final story. Some amateur journalists operate fully independent of traditional, professional news outlets. This can include blogs in which individuals can report on events in their communities or offer commentary on the issues of the day, YouTube channels where citizens give their own news reports and commentaries, and even unofficial print publications. Revolutionizing News Citizen journalism was once hailed as a revolution that would make news-gathering a more democratic process - one that would no longer solely be the province of professional reporters. It has had a significant impact on todays news, with many believing that citizen journalism is a threat to professional and traditional journalism. Social media has played a vital role in revolutionizing news. Many citizens are the first to report on breaking stories, with eye-witness videos, first-hand accounts, and real-time information, all using social media. Even news outlets will share breaking stories on social media before traditional means, but they have to still follow up with larger stories quickly or risk being outdated with their material in this fast-paced news environment. Social media doesnt just play a role in disseminating citizen-generated news; it also stands as a source for professional journalists to identify the stories they need to cover. A 2016 study by Cision indicated that more than 50% of professional journalists used social media to find and build stories. Despite its vast impact on our daily news, citizen journalism is not without its flaws. The biggest concern is the reliability of news, including fact-checking and the risk of incorrect information being disseminated. iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-68386781543359863592020-02-15T13:03:00.001-08:002020-02-15T13:03:02.494-08:00Alliances and the Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsAlliances and the Airline Industry - Essay Example Deregulation of the airline industry in the United States in 1978 led to the formation of the alliance. The deregulation was the most notable event that brought about the radical changes within the industry. M. Potter claims that Alliances are a means to extend or reinforce competitive advantage, and not a sustainable means of creating it. Oum, Taylor, and Zhang (1993) offer a universal definition: a worldwide airline network composed of a group of related airlines that provide services to consumers. They do so through a common computer system, automatic baggage transfer system, fares and ticketing, joint marketing, code sharing of flights and coordinated flight schedules. This paper will discuss the extent to which alliances have become a characteristic of the airline industry. Why did airlines come about? Deregulation of the airline industry lead to the formulation of alliances. The effects of deregulation were quick to filter though it took almost a decade for the European countri es to follow. The airlines could now choose the ways they wanted to take and fix the prices as they found it fit without any regulatory interventions. It thus enabled airlines to work according to demand-supply and other market factors. Airlines gained their freedom, and they had to fend for themselves in taking careful steps in order to walk the paths of positive financial bottom lines. Globalisation has set in new rules and with Increased Competition for and from new markets, the ground markets have altered airlines to adapt slowly to these challenges. Alliances have contributed highly to solving such problems as described by Harrigan (1988, p.67). With the Privatisation and unpredictability of the new market and its inherent vulnerability to global incidences, the industry had to adapt itself to aliening with the privatised industries as a survival mechanism. From basic code-sharing agreements, these alliances have come along the way, and today involve a closer co-operation betwe en partners. They ensured they integrated with even the non-flying partners like hotels and credit card companies. The hotels and credit companies play an extremely significant function in the development of the global airline industry. Airlines had to integrate their flight Routes by flying from shared hub points and common terminals and coordinating their flight schedules. Thus, passengers who want to connect from one alliance partner to another can do so with little inconvenience and effort. Airlines in an alliance offer fares that favour a combination of alliance partners because they have an integrated route network in place. This includes fares around the world that display the alliance global network. It permits travellers to travel round the earth entirely using the members of a single alliance leading to the Low Cost Revolution. Member airlines have linked their mileage programs in order to satisfy the consumer craving for miles. This helps them to reward travellers for fly ing within the alliance network. M. porter says that Alliances are frequently transitional devices. They proliferate in industries undergoing structural change or escalating competition, where managers fear they cannot cope. They are an indication to uncertainty, and comfort provider. Strategy and airline alliances De la Sierra (1995) claims that in order to gain a competitive advantage in the global marketplace an alliance has to be internationally strategic. It must posses the following iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-59610067698576059962020-02-02T08:52:00.001-08:002020-02-02T08:52:02.905-08:00U.S. energy policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsU.S. energy policy - Research Paper Example According to Bazerman, climatic changes and diminishing energy resources became a concern and various government offices were supposed to give a detailed explanation which was later termed as ââ¬Å"a predictable surprise, or a failure to act in time.â⬠This explanation is what formed the need for government to have control on future occurrences. In addition, other needs for energy and climatic control developed over the years. To begin with, climate change characterized by long warm periods necessitated implementation of Energy Policy in order to contain the situation. Bazerman notes that scientists and politicians had to come up with solutions to address the climatic changes and ââ¬Å"other energy issues including oil, transportation, and electricity policiesâ⬠(1). These were the initial concerns when the technological advancements were few and human population was little. Another reason for formulation of U.S Energy Policy was need for energy independence. Grossman (1) acknowledges the U.S government effort under the tenure of President Carter, whereby there was increased government funding to stimulate new technologies for alternative energy. In addition, the country also wanted to reduce the over dependence on fossil fuels such as cove reasons coal and oil whose amounts diminish with time. In addition to the above, other reasons include formation of sustainable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, creation of jobs, reduction of air pollution and energy cost (ACEE E 1). Many benefits are accrued from efficient energy sources and can be spread in various sectors of the economy and even at personal level. For example, efficient energy systems promote investments, which in turn provide employment opportunities to the citizens. For actualization of the above objectives, the government had to setup various institutions to oversee the implementation of various legislations passed through Acts of parliament. To iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-39437707352384650222020-01-25T05:16:00.001-08:002020-01-25T05:16:03.168-08:00Packaging for the new product Essay -- Design and TechnologyPackaging for the new product Packaging is vital, as goods need to be transported to the consumer in a safe, hygienic and protected condition. For instance putting tin foil round a kitkat, nestle product, keeps the bar fresh and prevents deterioration, instant coffee tends to be sold in jars to prevent spillage and because glass is a strong material, Nescafe Espresso roast is sold with ââ¬Ëclick lock closureââ¬â¢, which makes the jar easy to open. Additional packaging may be needed to assist retailers store the products easily and safety on the shelves. Packaging is essential to inform the customer about the contents, ingredients, weight, care instructions, etc. Some of which are legal requirements. Good packaging is an important part of the product. The basic function of packaging has always been to protect and contain a product. In a competitive market, branding and packaging are important and have become an integral part of the product. We instantly recognise products by the size, shape and colour of packaging. Packaging may be used by the manufactures to promote the goods, as the colour, design or lettering may make the product more attractive and noticeable to certain consumer on the shelf. Packaging is not just a safety attribute, different features are added to packaging to attract different segments, for example a childrenââ¬â¢s crisp might have colourful cartoons, entries to competitions or even a mini game on back of the packet. These types of product... iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-15294250920843560072020-01-17T01:40:00.001-08:002020-01-17T01:40:03.608-08:00Development as a Dynamic SystemThe dynamic systems theory in development explicated by Thelen and Smith conceptualized the process of development as a process of change. In the theory, the authors explained how the development of human occurred. The concept of the theory greatly uses the experiments and study on motor, perceptual and cognitive development. The dynamic system theory is considered as a new scientific paradigm that is continuously evolving from the concept of development as a dynamic, non-linear, self-organizing or even chaotic system.The dynamic system theory of development encompasses different principle widely used and accepted in different fields such as in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. (Stolorow, 1997) Thelen and Smith concerned with the explanation as to how development occurs in humans proposed a radical alternative to the exiting cognitive theory. (Storolow, 1997) Their emphasis on dynamic representation of the process and the process evoking the concept of change is also stressed.As a n alternative to the traditional cognitive theory existing at the time the theory was developed, it attempt to apply the complexity theory to psychology as they reinterpret several traditional concepts used in the cognitive development theory in psychology. In this approach, the theory started with fundamental questions with regards to the cognitive theory.As the new theory of dynamic system of development revealed, it is regarded as a theory of development of cognition and action, at the same time unifying the recent advances in their conceptualized theory and the current research findings and analysis in the neuroscience and neural development field. The dynamic system of development theory shows how the processes governed by principles of exploration and selection and multimodal experiences form the bases for self-organizing perception and action categories. (Thelen, 1994) The theory became a powerful source of new metaphors for the field of psychoanalysis.The theory includes ana lysis of phenomena like conflict, transference, resistance and the unconscious intertwined with the perspective of the development process as dynamically emergent properties that elucidate the process of pattern formation and the process of change. The theory is useful in understanding the complexity of the development process. As a function of the theory, it permits theoretical statements about development of societies and groups but also the individuals within the societies and the entities that govern the group.The dynamic system approach attempts to answer the different levels of problems and at some point avoids it by defining the process of development being multilayered. The theoretical assumptions of the dynamic system theory tries to avoid the concept of stages in outward behavior because the concept of the theory acknowledges the fact that outward behaviors that appears to be staged-like is or can be explained through the occurring continuous changes in the components gove rning those behaviors.à (Thelen, 1994)The theory stresses the importance of the concept of change and transition, and attributes the process of development in the mechanisms of change that has a process of the first step towards the last. The theory focuses on the concept of change, and limits its regards to change being time-bounded or as a series of stages with transitions. Dynamic systems being self-organizing are a consequence for the idea that development is a result of spontaneous emergence of higher-order structure.The emergence of higher-order structures contributes to the recursive interactions among the simple components included in the process. Essentially connected with human development is the concept of human individuals being developing organisms having continuous and numerous genetic, physiological and psychological attributes. In turn this results to behavioral changes which include the interaction between the individual and its environment. In turn the dynamic sy stem theory of development is given less of the credit it deserves as a theory that explains further the human development of an individual.The concern of the theory is to stress the value of the concept of change and how it is important in the understanding of development and other factors that surrounds the concept of development. The dynamic system of development in humans greatly contributes to the fact that behavior is the outcome of the interaction between the individual and its environment. Thelen and Smith objectively presented a new theory that governs the principle of development being a process of change, which includes the transitory and stages in resulting to development. Reference: Stolorow, R. D. (1997). A Dynamic System Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action: By Esther Thelen and Linda Smith. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 1(78), 620-622. Storolow, R. D. (1997). Dynamic, Dyadic, Intersubjective Systems: An Evolving Paradigm for Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytical Psychology, 1(14), 337-346. Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. à iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-16854766039026053682020-01-08T22:00:00.001-08:002020-01-08T22:00:06.338-08:00Employers responsibility for bullying - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9305 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ethics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Bullying Essay Did you like this example? Bullying exists within the majority of organisations. To what extent is this the employerà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s responsibility? Abstract. This paper is concerned with the concept of bullying in the workplace and examines two critical issues. Firstly the extent to which bullying and the management of it is the responsibility of the employer. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Employers responsibility for bullying" essay for you Create order Secondly, it examines the differences between how a for profit and how a not for profit organisation approach the problems of bullying to ascertain to what degree they believe it is their responsibility. The paper finds that whilst there are differences in the ways both types of organisations operate, they show a similar lack of awareness as to the extent, nature and causes of bullying. The paper concludes with recommendations as to what actions they should take to recognise their responsibilities in this area. Contents page. Introduction4 Literature Review5 Methodology14 Results 16 Discussion21 Conclusions24 References and bibliography26 Appendices Appendix 1 questionnaire results from personnel representatives31 Appendix 2 questionnaire results from personnel representatives38 Appendix 3 results of exit interviews, grievances and legal action42 Appendix 4 notes from employees working group43 Introduction. A Health and Executive survey suggests the number of violent incidents related to bullying by workers on co-workers in England and Wales in 2002/2003 was 849,000 (British Crime Survey 2005). The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development found that 20% of UK employees have experienced some form of bullying over the last two years (CIPD 2006). A Trades Union Congress report in 2006 found that 18 million working days are lost to British industry every year through the effects of bullying (TUC 2006). These statistics show that the issue of bullying is having a serious effect on British industry. The question arises as to who, in the workplace, should be held responsible for the occurrence of the problem and who should be expected to deal with it. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âNot for profità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã or à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
ânon profità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã organisations are a growing sector of the British business picture. They vary from the traditional form of business in that there is generally no end product or service. Drucker (199 0) defines their purpose as bringing about change in people. For many years, the not for profit sector paid little attention to the concepts of management seeing it as being a device of a à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢businessà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ and therefore of no relevance to themselves (Drucker 1990). Recently, this opinion has changed and the not for profit sector has realised that they must adopt many of the practices which businesses have been using for years including the ways in which they manage people. This paper examines the issues of workplace bullying by comparing the views, approaches and actions of a profit orientated business the DIY store, BQ and a not for profit organisation Cancer Research UK. Literature Review. The nature of bullying and harassment. Rayner et al (2001) suggest that although the concept of bullying has existed for a considerable amount of time, it was only in the 1990s that it was formally recognised as a workplace phenomenon and as such, began to receive academic and professional attention. They refer to a documentary on the BBC in 1990 by Andrea Adams as being a à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âlynchpin for our emergent awarenessà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Rayner et al 2001, pp. 2), and points out that it is the media who have continued to increase public awareness of the issue and that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âmainstream management texts rarely contain any reference to bullying at work, and are certainly scant of suggestions as to what to do about ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Rayner et al 2001, pp. 3). ACAS point out that there is little distinction between the concepts of bullying and harassment by saying that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthese terms are used interchangeably by most people, and many definitions include bullying as a form of harassmentà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (ACAS advice leaflet 2007, page not given). However, they continue by giving more specific definitions of the two, saying that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(h)arassment, in general terms is: unwanted conduct affecting the dign ity of men and women in the workplace. It may be related to age, sex, race, disability, religion, nationality or any personal characteristic of the individual, and may be persistent or an isolated incidentà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (ACAS 2007, page not given). They add that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(t)he key is that the actions or comments are viewed as demeaning and unacceptable to the recipientà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã whereas à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(b)ullying may be characterised as: offensive, intimidating, malicious or insulting behaviour, an abuse or misuse of power through means intended to undermine, humiliate, denigrate or injure the recipientà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (ACAS 2007, page not given). Interestingly, they note that it is not possible to raise a specific complaint of bullying to an employment tribunal and that any such action would need to be defined under discrimination and harassment legislation or under breach of contract relating to duty of care or the Health and Safety at Work Act. The latter can be cit ed as bullying and harassment can lead to stress and employers have legal duties à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âunder the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 to assess the risk of stress-related ill health arising from work activities; and under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 to take measures to control that riskà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (Health and Safety Executive 2007, page not given). Where a case of harassment is found to have occurred, the employer can face an unlimited fine and unlimited compensation (CIPD 2006a). Employers therefore have a legal obligation to ensure bullying does not take place. Several writers (see Mullins 2005, Legge (2005), CIPD (2006a) also link the employers responsibilities for managing bullying and harassment to the concept of the psychological contract which à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âimplies a series of mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs arising from the people-organisation relationshipà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Mullins 2005, pp.37). Whilst the se expectations may differ between businesses and employers and employees, Stalker (2000) stresses the inclusion of à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âdemonstrating a genuine concern for individuals working in the organisationà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Stalker 2000, pp. 28). CIPD have found that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âemployers need to provide a positive working environment to satisfy employeesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ expectations under the psychological contractà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (CIPD 2006a, page not given). It is not only the employer that is seen to have a role in stopping bullying. From a legal perspective, an individual can face prosecution under criminal and civil law and à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthey could be personally liable and have to pay compensation themselves, as well as any payment the organisation may be ordered to makeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (CIPD 2006a, page not given). Furthermore, the CIPD feels that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(i)ndividuals also have a responsibility to behave in ways which support a hostile-free working environm ent for themselves and their colleagues. They should play their part in making the organisationà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s policy a reality and be prepared to take appropriate action if they observe or have evidence that someone else is being harassedà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (CIPD 2006a, page not given). A further problem with defining the concept of bullying is described by the CIPD as being that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(t)here is no one checklist of what defines harassment as it is often specific to the person, relating to their feelings of respect and dignityà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (CIPD 2006a, page not given). This introduces the concept that what one person may consider to be bullying, another may not. This makes the management of the problem difficult. There are various ways in which bullying can occur. The most obvious form of a face-to-face situation is not the only source and cases have been reported of bullying behaviour through e mail and telephone as well as through the use of remote supervision methods, such as the monitoring of telephone calls and computer usage. ACAS (2007) also note the difficulties in determining what is bullying and what could be considered as the normal practice or culture of an organisation. This leads to two areas of concern. Firstly, how a business culture where a degree of what could be considered bullying is normal develops and how it can be changed. Secondly, there are pressures on an individual to be seen to fit in and not be perceived as weak by raising the issue. ACAS (2007) have examined this point in some detail and conclude that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(p)eople being bullied or harassed may sometimes appear to overreact to something that seems relatively trivial but which may be the last straw following a series of incidentsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (ACAS 2007, page not given). Furthermore, they have found that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(c)olleagues may be reluctant to come forward as witnesses, as they too may fear the consequences for themselves. They may be so relieved not to be the subject of the bully themselves that they collude with the bully as a way of avoiding attentionà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (ACAS 2007, page not given). Olsen (2005) suggests that the reasons why a victim of bullying may not report it include lack of management support, lack of confidence in how it will be handled resulting in them being worse off, victimisation by the bully and others, fear of seeming weak, being accused of it being their own fault and being discriminated against for promotion. Olsen also notes that bullies take certain actions to dissuade their victims from reporting them. These include à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âcharm, subtle or direct threats and pressuring others to allow or ignore certain behavioursà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Olsen 2005, pp. 29). ACAS offer a range of actions to develop a policy on bullying and harassment. These include: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âstatement of commitment from senior management; acknowledgement that bullying and harassment are problems for the organisation; clear statement that bullying and harassment will not be tolerated; examples of unacceptable behaviour; statement that bullying and harassment may be treated as disciplinary offences; the steps the organisation takes to prevent bullying and harassment; responsibilities of supervisors and managers; confidentiality for any complainant; reference to grievance procedures (formal and informal), including timescales for action; investigation procedures, including timescales for action; reference to disciplinary procedures, including timescales for action counselling and support availability; training for managers; protection from victimisation; how the policy is to be implemented, reviewed and monitoredà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (ACAS 2007 page not given). Olsen suggests that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âa workplace bullying programme is not so much about targeting and focusing upon bullies but about creating a culture that makes the actions of bullying and harassment very unwelcomeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Olsen 2005, pp. 31). An important source of information on bullying is the UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line set up in 1997. Their website reports that they receive 200-500 visits per day from various countries indicating that workplace bullying is an international phenomenon. Their statistics show that teachers, nurses, social workers and not for profit organisations are the top four sources of reports of bullying and that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(a)pprox 6-8% are from the voluntary and non-profit sector, with small charities à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ featuring prominentlyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line a, page not given). Furthermore, they have found that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â this sector has shown the highest rate of increase in calls since 1998à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line a, page not given). They suggest that this is because à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthe serial bully is attracted to this role à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ for the opportunities to abus e power over vulnerable clientsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦as well as the opportunity to show publicly how caring they areà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ( UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line b, page not given). They go on to say that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â(t)his narcissistic urge is common to many serial bullies (especially females) who are oblivious to the discrepancy between how they like to be perceived (as wonderful, kind, caring individuals) and how they are perceived (as aggressive, immature, inadequate and incompetent)à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (italics in original) (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line b, page not given) By far the biggest proportion of bullying relationships (90%) are where a manager is bullying a subordinate (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line a), although they note that this figure may be inaccurate as they feel that managers may be less likely to report cases where they are being bullied by a subordinate. They also found that females were more likely to report cases of bully ing to them than males (75% of the calls were from females). They feel that this is à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âprobably because females are a) more willing to admit they are being bullied, and b) more likely to be motivated to do something about ità ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line a, page not given). However, they fail to qualify these statements or provide any evidence that these are the cases. Furthermore, it could be argued that those sectors from which the reports are made are likely to have a higher proportion of female workers. The UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line found that whilst a fifth of reported cases resulted in the complainant taking legal action, the majority were discouraged from doing so by a lack of support from their trades union or a refusal from their employer to allow them access to their trade union representative. Of those that did result in legal action, only 1% resulted in a successful prosecution (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line a, page not given). Olsen suggests several reasons why employers are slow to deal with claims of bullying. These include à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âfear that the lack of definition and ability to asses what is bullying and what is not bullying will give rise to many spurious or malicious complaints; there is a single-bottom-line focus and unless issues are seen to have directly affected profits there is reluctance to address them; generational cycles of high conflict, workplace bullying and harassment have created a culture that seems impossible to change; those in positions of power are afraid because they realise it may mean having to change their own style of management; they simply do not want to understand it and do not want to address it; they à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âturn a blind eyeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã and donà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢t believe it could be a problem within their organisation; they consider it to be too costly to address properly and do not see these costs as being recoverabl eà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Olsen 2005, pp. 31). Several writers have commented on the effects of bullying. As previously mentioned, the most common effect is that of stress which provides a recourse for the victim to take legal action under health and safety legislation. The CIPD notes that employee stress within an organisation can à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âdamage morale and lead to higher labour turnover, reduced productivity, lower efficiency and divided teamsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (CIPD 2006a, page not given) and for an individual à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âcan lead to illness, absenteeism, less commitment, poor performance and resignationà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (CIPD 2006a, page not given). Olsen and the UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line both highlight the more extreme possibilities of suicide and retribution with the National Workplace Bullying Advice Line reporting cases of these occurring being logged on their website. Causes of bullying. To examine the extent of the employers responsibility for stopp ing bullying, it is necessary to examine the causes of bullying. Olsen (2005) suggests several reasons including à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthe personal need to maintain power over others; the personal need to control people, circumstances or situations; a predatory need to victimise or abuse others; wanting to have fun at someone elseà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s expense; stress of pressureà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦; the need to maintain a culture and à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âteachà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã or à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âtoughen upà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã newcomers (rites of passage, initiation practices); a pathological need to appear superior to others or achieve success at anotherà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s expenseà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Olsen 2005, pp. 28). She also explains the two extremes of reasons behind bullying as being à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"situationalà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ due to a particular event or situation and à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"chronicà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ being within the nature of the bully under all situations (Olsen 2005). The situational bull y may respond to being placed under pressure, experiencing personal problems, being threatened by others or having their own self esteem threatened by performing an isolated act of bullying. Olsen (2005) sees this as most common form of bullying and the easiest to manage, saying that these individuals will respond well to correction and training. The UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line (date not given) suggests specific psychological disorders that can account for chronic bullying. These include antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder and Munchausenà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s Syndrome. Olsen (2005) says that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âalthough chronic bullies are less common that situational bullies, they may have greater impact upon people and organisations and be far more difficult, if not impossible, to changeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Olsen 2005, pp. 42). Profit v non profit. The not for profit organisati ons are becoming increasing important forms of labour utilisation. Drucker tells us that in the USA, the not for profit sector is the largest employer with over 80 million people working as volunteers (Drucker 2001). Drucker also tells us that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthe non profit organization exists to bring about a change in individuals and in societyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã rather than being driven by an end product or service motive (Drucker 1990, pp. 1). Drucker wrote extensively on the subject of not for profit organisations and how they initially failed to embrace the practices of for profit businesses in areas such as management, marketing and planning, seeing them as the domain of à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"businessesà ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ", something they did not want to be associated with. He feels that more recently, the not for profit sector had begun to adopt these skill areas and that there is a à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢management boomà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ going on among the non-profit institut ions, large and smallà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 1990, pp. xv). Drucker feels that this is due at least partly to an awareness by the not for profit sector that they require a robust management system as they à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âlack the discipline of the bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 2001, pp. 40) meaning that their overall aim of bringing about change in people is difficult to measure and success for them is a nebulous concept. However, he goes on to point out that there are few tools designed particularly for their style of operation ad that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âlittle of it pays any attention to the distinct characteristics of the non-profits or to their specific central needsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 1990, pp. xv). Brower et al (2000) also noted differences in the way not for profit and for profit businesses operate and concentrated their research on the moral and ethical practices of company boards. Their findings were that, as would probably be expected, the not for profit board members showed higher levels of principles and benevolence, but lower levels of reasoning than their for profit counterparts (Brower et al 2000). These findings support Druckers view that there are significant differences in the cultures of not for profit and for profit organisations. The majority of employees within a not for profit organisation are volunteers, a situation which, arguably, makes people management more difficult than it is in the for profit sector. Drucker sees the title of à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"volunteerà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ as being misleading and uses the term à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"non-paid workersà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in preference (Drucker 1990, pp. 181). This differentiation by name indicates his view as to how workers within not for profit organisations have been viewed and managed versus how they should be, going forward. Drucker points out that not only are these non-paid workers numbers increasing but that they are taking on more leadership roles and that existing models f or their management and development should be adapted to allow them to be applied. Whilst Drucker raises the specific issues of their training and development, of more relevance to this paper is the issue of how poor performance is managed. The quandary facing the not for profit sector is that a large proportion of their workforce is unpaid allowing a larger proportion of donations to be channelled to the cause for which they are working. Should the management of this group be carried out as it is in the for profit business, would this lead to a shortage of volunteers and does this mean that these workers should be allowed to act outside the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"normsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ of employee relations? Drucker gives a specific situation in relation to this question. He suggests that many people who do volunteer work do so because they are lonely, but that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âsometimes these people for psychological or emotional reasons simply cannot work with other people; they are nois y, intrusive, abrasive, rudeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 1990, pp. 183). As has been demonstrated, the not for profit and for profit organisations demonstrate areas of similarity and difference. By examining the work of Drucker, it has been shown that there is emphasis on the not for profit sector to adopt the management practices of the for profit sector. The following section will examine more specifically where these differences occur as an introduction to the possible differences in the way they approach the problem of bullying. Drucker summarises the general recruitment methods of the not for profit sector. He tells us that experienced volunteers are à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âassigned to scan the newcomerà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 2001, pp. 47) and that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthen senior staffà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦interview(s) the newcomers to assess their strengths and place them accordinglyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 2001, pp. 47-48). He continues by saying that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (v)olunteers may be ass igned both a mentor and a supervisor with whom they work out their performance goalsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦these advisors are two different people, as a rule, and both, ordinarily, volunteers themselvesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Drucker 2001, pp. 48). This reliance on existing volunteers to recruit and train newcomers returns us to the earlier point regarding the pressures on the not for profit sector in ensuring they have a suitable number of people to be able to raise the finances required and that the majority of the monies raised are channelled to the cause itself. The question can be asked as to the amount of training the selectors receive and the criteria that they employ when making selection decisions. The for profit sector, especially in a large business such as that being examined in this paper, would have a dedicated team working on recruitment and employing advanced recruitment methods such as psychometric testing in their process. Whilst they still have the pressures of achieving the bot tom line, they are not subject to the scrutiny of outsiders as to how they reinvest their profit into the support areas. This subject received a large degree of publicity a few years ago when questions were raised regarding the percentage of a donation which actually went to the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"deserving causeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ and how much was spent on administration costs. In 2000, the BBC reported that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthe National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) spent a total of Ãâà £38m on fundraising, administration and campaigning (and) Ãâà £28m went on childrens servicesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (BBC 2000, page not given). Similarly, the Guardian newspaper in 2005 reported on a donkey charity who, from a total income of Ãâà £111,665 spent less than $58,000 on the saving of donkeys (Guardian 2005). The organisation, Charity Facts, suggests that no more than 15% of donations should be spent on administration, but also questions the professionalism of management where less than 5% is spent on administration (Charity Facts website). The workers in both types of organisation show marked differences as well. The National Workplace Bullying Advice Line cites the NCVOs Survey of Job Roles and Salaries which found that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthere are around 130,000 charities and not-for-profit organisations à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ using around 3 million unpaid workersà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line b). They also found that off these, two thirds are female. In terms of people management , the UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line warns us that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âresponsible charities will have conditions of employment similar to those of any reasonable employer; however, many charities have few or no conditionsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line b). Volunteers are not protected by employment legislation as paid employees are. The government sponsored website, DirectGov.org recommends t he use of a volunteer agreement that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âhelps both the organisation and its volunteers by making expectations clearà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦both agreements incorporate current thinking on what is good practice in managing volunteers. They also address the unlikely possibility of volunteers being considered employees in the eyes of the lawà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â (Direct Gov website, page not given). Their sample volunteer agreement covers equal opportunities but makes no reference to harassment or bullying. Volunteers do have the same rights as paid employees under the Data Protection Act. BQ plc. and Cancer Research UK. BQ is the leading DIY and garden centre retailer in the UK and Europe and the third largest in the world. Their turnover in 2005 was Ãâà £3.9 billion and this resulted in a profit of Ãâà £208.5 million. They employ over 38,000 employees in their 331 UK outlets. They are part of the Kingfisher Group (summarised from BQ company information). Cancer Researc h are the UKs leading cancer research charity, spending Ãâà £257 million a year on funding research into the disease and increasing public awareness. Their governing structure comprises a chief executive and executive board, a scientific executive board, trustees and members. The trustees advise and support the board in implementing their strategies whilst the members act in a role similar to shareholders with their most important role being the election of trustees (summarised from Cancer Research website). The two main sources of funds for Cancer Research are long term monthly donations from members of the public and the charity shops. Over 1 million people donate monthly to the charity raising over Ãâà £5 million a month. The 600 shops run by the company and selling both donated goods and new items raised Ãâà £61.9 million in the financial year 2004/2005. The shops are staffed by around 15,000 voluntary workers, although this figure fluctuates on a constant basis and includes those who volunteer for short periods of time (summarised from Cancer Research website). Methodology. The primary research was designed to be able to quantify and qualify the attitudes and actions of the two companies around the subject of bullying. Face-to-face interviews with representatives from both the personnel and store management functions were used initially as it was thought that the nature of the subject could be seen as being controversial and therefore the expected response rate from a postal or electronic questionnaire would be too low to be able to achieve a worthwhile conclusion. The writer was able to gain access to representatives from both organisations to conduct these interviews. The questionnaire was based to some degree on the recommendations made by ACAS and CIPD as to what steps employers should take to minimise and deal with incidents of bullying. Further questions were added and both qualitative and quantitative information was gathered. The respondents were briefed beforehand that the survey was a general review of bullying and harassment policies rather than looking at how they viewed their responsibilities as it was felt that this would affect their replies adversely. Following these interviews it was noted that both organisations had a policy of conducting regular employee attitude surveys and it was felt that reviewing these would be of benefit to the research. However, on closer examination of the survey results, it was found that there was no direct information that was of relevance to this research and they therefore have not been included in this paper. The third area of research was analysing statistics from the two companies relating to why people left the business, grievances made and any legal action in terms of constructive dismissal or discrimination legislation. It was felt that this information may be able to support the answers received from the interviews in certain areas, but once analysed , proved to be disappointing. The writer was given access to groups of employees within a working group context to be able to gain an insight into their views on bullying. They were briefed beforehand that they were not expected to talk about specific incidents that had either occurred to them or to their colleagues, but that the purpose was to gain their opinion on the subject. Several limitation are noted in the methodology. Firstly, as the subject being examined is one with legal and public perception connections, it would be expected that the respondents may give the à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
ârightà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã answers rather than describe the actual situation. As mentioned, to overcome this, the specific research questions were not raised with the respondents. Despite this it is still possible that model answers were given and the extra action of reviewing company information on leavers, grievances and potential legal cases was designed to lessen this even further. However, it mu st be noted that duties under the Data Protection Act means that not all information was available. Secondly, the potentially sensitive nature of the subject made the management of the discussion groups difficult. The aim was to avoid any accusations or hearsay on incidents of alleged bullying and to gain the employees perception of degrees of responsibility between themselves and their organisation. The results have been presented to support this and any references to specific cases, either actual or alleged have been omitted. Results. Results from personnel representatives. BQ had a much more robust attitude towards the issue of bullying. Their senior management team had produced a written statement that was included in the company literature. Cancer Research UK had no formal written statement on bullying but the respondent believed them to be fully aware of the possibility of it occurring. The BQ policy, which is covered in the induction received by all employees conta ins specific examples as to what would be considered bullying and states that actions that would be considered bullying are not limited to these examples. Cancer Research believed that using such examples may make it difficult to accuse someone of bullying if their actions were slightly different to the examples. Whilst all new volunteers receive an induction, the personnel policies are not covered in detail. Both organisations have policies which state that incidents of bullying would be dealt with under the disciplinary procedure. However, they were relatively unaware of the full range of actions that could be considered as bullying and gave a limited number of examples of behaviours concentrating mainly on the more obvious ones. When asked about the steps they take to prevent bullying, neither organisation referred to actions during recruitment. Both said they conducted staff surveys and would use normal channels of communication to raise awareness and allow the opportunity for people to raise issues. The BQ approach was much more structured and proactive, utilising other strategies to highlight possible problems such as exit interviews and cases of actual or threatened legal action. The Cancer Research approach was much more reactive, relying on others to raise the issue. The BQ managers and supervisors were reported to have a large degree of training and support when dealing with issues such as bullying. The nature of the organisation means that each worksite has its own personnel representative who is on hand to coach and support managers and supervisors. Cancer Research has significantly less resources to be able to offer the same level of support to their managers and supervisors at each individual site central support is available but is under a large degree of work pressure to deal with every request for support. Again, the approach by Cancer Research can be described as being reactive rather than proactive. However, it was at this stage of the research that first mention was made of the difference between employees and volunteers and the Cancer Research representative was clear on the fact that they were under no obligation to utilise a disciplinary process. They also stated that it would often be in the best interests of both parties just to à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âlet someone goà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã if there were issues around their actions. Both representatives believed that a large degree of the responsibility for minimising occurrences of bullying lay with the individual when asked the question specifically. They both felt that it was an action by an individual and that the person must have made the decision to carry out the act themselves. There was degree of expectation around personal behaviour expressed by both respondents, in that bullying would be viewed as socially unacceptable and the Cancer Research representative noted specifically that there would be a contradiction of actions in someone wishing to work voluntari ly for a charity and then bully a colleague. Neither recognised the employees legal responsibilities to not bully others. The BQ representative recognised the relevance of the psychological contract to the management of bullying, but the Cancer Research representative was not familiar with the concept and therefore could not comment on its relevance. Both representatives thought that there was little they could do proactively to stop bullying occurring and that it was the organisations role to deal with it once it had happened. Both commented that it was important to have the right environment to discourage it although their replies concentrated on awareness and working atmosphere rather than on identifying individuals who may carry out such actions. The BQ representative had a much more detailed view of cases of bullying within the business but said that they felt it was not a major problem for them. The Cancer Research representative admitted that they were probably unaware of some cases due to the organisational structure and the high turnover of volunteers. Both representatives identified that there could be an improvement in their selection processes to try and identify possible bullies before employing them. The BQ representative was more knowledgeable about procedures such as psychometric testing and the legal problems with references. The Cancer Research representative seemed to have more of a laissez faire attitude, suggesting that the nature of volunteering and the way they utilise them meant that there was little opportunity to conduct more in depth recruitment procedures. The Cancer Research representative also noted that the store managers were probably the most likely population to commit bullying and that many of these had been volunteers for a long time suggesting that they were taken on before the concept of bullying became a concern. Results from store management representatives. The store management representative from BQ supp orted the personnel representatives statement that there is a clear statement of commitment from senior management that bullying and harassment will not be tolerated. They agreed that it was made clear to all new employees. The Cancer Research store management representative echoed the assumptive view of their personnel representative in that it would be understood that this would be the case. The BQ representative agreed that there were examples of what would be considered bullying in the company handbook whilst the Cancer Research representative was not aware of any examples. This is not surprising as the personnel representative had stated that the policies were available for volunteers to examine rather than them being expected to read them it is possible that the store representative had not seen them. This is supported by the answers to the next question where the BQ store representative was aware that bullying would be dealt with under disciplinary procedures and the Cance r Research store representative assumed they would. The BQ store management representative was much more aware of how their organisation acts to prevent bullying and harassment whist the Cancer Research store representative showed a similar view to their personnel representative in that they thought it unlikely that someone who was prepared to volunteer to help others would bully their colleagues. This dichotomy was repeated when asked about the specific responsibilities of supervisors and managers in terms of identifying and managing bullying and how are these communicated to them. When asked what action they would take if there was an accusation of bullying, as would be expected the BQ store representative was able to give a much more detailed and substantial answer. They mentioned the role of the personnel representative in providing them with guidance and support. The reply from the Cancer Research representative showed a more individual approach suggesting that they would take it on themselves to make a decision. When asked how much it was the employees responsibility to not bully others, the BQ store representative seemed to have a much more practical view. They pointed out that whilst you should be able to expect certain levels of behaviour from people in society, there were many instances where these were not upheld and they saw it as being the same in an work environment with a certain expectation of employees but the need for the business to manage incidents where standards of behaviour were not upheld. The Cancer Research store representative gave an idealistic reply by suggesting that if someone had the desire to give their time voluntarily to help others less fortunate than themselves, they would be unlikely to then commit acts of bullying of other volunteers. Both believed the employees should be responsible for creating a positive working environment. Both store representatives saw little responsibility for the employer to stop bully ing other than deal with it if it occurred. Neither store representative was aware of any actual cases of bullying or alleged bullying having occurred in their businesses. Both store representatives thought there were no further actions that could be taken at the recruitment stage to lessen the potential for bullies to be in their organisations. Analysis of exit interviews, grievances and legal action. The results of the secondary research were disappointing . Although BQ had maintained good records in these areas, Cancer Research was less likely to have the information due to the nature of employment of their volunteers. Initially, neither sets of information added significantly to the research. On reflection, however, it became apparent that this supported the findings of the literature review that victims of bullying are unlikely to report it to their employers. Results from employee working groups. The employees seemed to have a good understanding of the concep t of bullying and both groups were of the opinion that it is a regular occurrence within workplaces. The Cancer Research group believed that it was more likely to occur in businesses with paid employees as in the volunteer status they believed people would find it easier to leave if they had any issues with their work or relationships with others. The BQ group identified the difficulties in determining what exactly constitutes bullying and were aware that certain workplace practices that most would take for granted as the culture or the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"way things are doneà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in that particular place, could be seen as bullying to someone. Both groups felt that a large degree of responsibility rested with the employees to not bully others in the first place. The Cancer Research group were more likely to take some action themselves against someone who was bullying another person, the BQ group did not mention this option. When asked about the employers responsibil ity with regard to bullying, the BQ employee group mentioned the fact that the majority of cases of bullying were by managers towards subordinates, this had been mentioned by the representative from Cancer Research but was not emphasised as being an important point. The BQ working group felt that the organisation was responsible for creating the right management style that would not include elements of bullying as a way of getting work done. They felt that the organisations second area of responsibility was to deal with any reports of bullying by removing the individual from employment as they felt that lower levels of discipline allowing the individuals to remain would result in them reoffending. The Cancer Research group identified the employers responsibilities in a similar way commenting on the organisations role in determining the working environment, they also noted that the majority of cases of bullying were by a manager to a subordinate. Discussion. The results of the questionnaires show a definite difference as to the way a for profit and not for profit organisation view the issues surrounding bullying and their responsibilities in terms of managing it. The for profit representatives were much more aware and proactive around the issue and had policies and procedures in place both to prevent and deal with any incidents. The not for profit organisation indicated a lack of awareness of the potential for problems that seemed to result from their perception of the nature of their business. The for profit business viewed bullying as a distinct possibility and were aware of their responsibilities. The not for profit organisation showed a less business-like approach, seeing the fact that their volunteers were seeking to assist others and giving their time freely as a contraindication of the likelihood of bullying being a possibility. Whilst both organisations general view was that it was the employees individual responsibility to treat their colleag ues with respect, the for profit business showed a much more robust system of making sure employees were aware that it was unacceptable behaviour and for dealing with it if it did occur. Neither organisation identified significant improvements they as businesses could make on being more proactive in stopping the problem occurring and this could be due largely to the fact that neither business reported it as being a major issue. A conclusion from this could be proposed as being that the organisations were unaware of the degree of bullying that takes place in their business. The literature review indicated that bullying is a difficult concept to define and highlights that what one person may consider as bullying, another would not. The representatives from neither organisation were able to provide a full description of what types of behaviour would be considered to be bullying although the personnel representative from the for profit business had the most detailed understanding and this would be expected due to the nature of their role. It is possible therefore that incidents of bullying are more numerous in both organisations than they realise and this would limit the degree of action they could take to control the occurrence. Although both organisations indicated that bullying would be dealt with under their disciplinary policy, neither indicted an understanding of the legal aspects. This again indicates a lack of awareness of the concept of bullying and may be a reason why they felt there was little more they could do as an employer about the problem than the steps they were already taking. The literature review indicated that the incidence of bullying is higher in the not for profit sector than the for profit sector. This makes the research results more disappointing as the not for profit sample showed less awareness of and procedures for the management of bullying. Whilst both organisations felt a large degree of the responsibility for managing bullyi ng came from the employee themselves, the not for profit respondents indicated this to a higher degree than the for profit representatives, citing that they felt that the nature of volunteering would not attract the type of person who would bully. This is in direct contradiction of the findings of the literature review which found that serial bullies, in particular, are attracted to work in the volunteer sector. Whilst the for profit company had a grievance procedure in place which could be used for employees to report incidents of bullying, they felt that employees would be able to speak with their manager in the first case if they had any complaints. The not for profit representatives gave raising it with the manager as the main course of action for an employee who was being bullied. Whilst the for profit business showed a greater awareness of the issue of bullying, both organisations placed more emphasis on the management of bullying as being an individual responsibility of th eir employees i.e. they saw it as a concept that is unacceptable within society and therefore unacceptable in the workplace. Processes were in place to deal with managing the issue but although noticeably less existed in the not for profit organisation, neither business showed a proactive approach of seeking out bullying, the processes designed more as a reactive response should it occur. A major conclusion which can be drawn from this research is the findings from the employee working groups when compared the comments of the personnel and store management representatives. The personnel and store management representatives approached the issue of bullying as a problem that occurs between employees whereas the employee working groups highlighted the fact, as was found in the literature review, that majority of incidents of bullying are cases where a manager has bullied a subordinate. It was employee working groups who suggested that the employers responsibilities lay not only with dealing with cases of bullying, but also around the way the culture or working environment were, an area which they saw as being wholly in the domain of the employer. Furthermore, if the emphasis on the prevention and management of bullying by both organisations management teams concentrates on colleague to colleague bullying, the steps that they currently take would be insufficient to dissuade manager to subordinate instances as the emphasis is on the managers themselves to deal with and report instances. Similarly, the lack of actions to identify potential bullies at the selection stage, particularly by Cancer Research, again indicates a reactive rather than proactive approach to the problem. Conclusion. The literature review found that there is a high level of bullying within businesses reported through independent help lines and that there is a reluctance from those subjected to bullying to report these cases to their employer. The reasons for this were seen to be a lack of support from the employer which the victims feel may lead to the problem becoming worse rather than being solved. Linked to this is are the difficulties in defining bullying a such as what it is the personal perception of the person on the receiving end as to whether the actions against them could be classed as bullying. The legal situation does not help the victim as there is no direct recourse in law as there is in cases of discrimination. It was also found that whilst not for profit organisations are being encouraged to adopt many of the practices of the for profit sector, this does not filter down to the area of bullying and harassment. The businesses studied show a general view that the issues of bullying is the responsibility of the individual as it is classed as an antisocial action and that their responsibilities as employers be it of paid or unpaid staff centre around the dealing of it when it has happened without necessarily encouraging or facilitating the repor ting of it. Similarities can be drawn with the application of a legal system, that is, tell people not to do it and punish them if they do it. This leads to an apparent underestimation by both organisations as to the occurrence of bullying in their businesses. The employers also showed a lack of awareness of the role of management in bullying itself. The employee groups were aware of this and it was found in the literature review that this is the most common form of bullying. Unless businesses can ensure they create a climate or culture in which the management demonstrate to their employees that bullying is not acceptable, they will not become aware of the high level of bullying that exists or be able to deal with it effectively. Actions would be required by both organisations to be more proactive in their management of the bullying issues. They currently fail to recognise their responsibilities in preventing its occurrence, an area in which they could take more actions. Both org anisations, but particularly the not for profit example, should develop more robust selection procedures to identify potential bullies during recruitment. More actions and awareness are also required in the development of the organisational culture and management style to realise and accept that these aspects of the business can support the occurrence of bullying. Neither business seemed aware of the importance of these ands whilst the not for profit business may have a disadvantage in the nature of the business and lack the financial resources to be able to invest in doing this, they should not be able to use the volunteer status of the majority of their workers as an excuse. The for profit business can have not explanation for their lack of action other than a failure to recognise the nature and causes of bullying. Unless the employers in both cases accept their responsibilities for the issue of workplace bullying, it will remain a characteristic of businesses and continue to have a detrimental effect on their operations be it in terms of profit or their ability to bring about a change in people. Bibliography and references. ACAS (2007). Advice leaflet Bullying and harassment at work: guidance for employees. Accessed at: https://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=797 on 9/04/2007. Adams, A. (1992). Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It. London: Virago Press. Barbeito, C. L. (2003). Human Resource Policies and Procedures for Nonprofit Organisations. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Bass, B.M. (1960). Leadership, Psychology, and Organizational Behavior. New York: Harper Brothers. BQ company information (date not given). Accessed at: https://www.diy.com/diy/jsp/bq/templates/content_lookup.jsp?content=/aboutbandq/2004/company_information/general.jspmenu=aboutbandq on 9/04/2007. BBC (2000). Childrens charity in spending row. Accessed at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1060802.stm on 13/04/2007. Bird, C. (1940). Social Psych ology. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company. Brower H.H, Shrader C.B. (2000). Moral Reasoning and Ethical Climate: Not-for-Profit vs. For-Profit Boards of Directors. Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 26, Number 2, July 2000, pp. 147-167(21). Buchanan, D. Huczynski, A. (2004). Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. Cancer Research website. (22/05/2006). How we are governed. Accessed at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/aboutus/whoweare/howwearegoverned/ on 9/04/2007. Charity Facts website. (Date not given). What is a Charity? Accessed at: https://www.charityfacts.org/charity_facts/index.html on 13/04/2007. CIPD (2006). Harassment at work. Accessed at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/dvsequl/harassmt/harrass?cssversion=printable On 9/04/2007. Direct Gov website. (Date not given). Your employment rights. Accessed at: https://www.direct.gov.uk/en/HomeAndCommunity/Gettinginvolvedinyourcommunity/Volunteering/DG_10038499 on 13/04/20 07. Djurkovic, N. McCormack, D. Casimir, G.(2006). Neuroticism and the psychosomatic model of workplace bullying. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Volume 21, Number 1, 2006, pp. 73-88(16). Drucker, P.F. (1990). Managing the Non-Profit Organization: Principles and Practices. London: Collins. Drucker, P.F. (1992). Managing for the Future. New York: Penguin Group. Drucker, P.F. (2001). The Essential Drucker. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School. Edmunds, V. Hopkins, M. Williams, A. (2003). Harassment at Work. Bristol: Jordans. Field, T. (1996). Bully in Sight: How to Predict, Resist, Challenge and Combat Workplace Bullying Overcoming the Silence and Denial by Which Abuse Thrives. Independent publication. Graves, D. (2002). Fighting Back: How to Fight Bullying In the Workplace. New York: McGraw-Hill. Guardian.(2005). Show me the money. Friday October 21, 2005. Hadikin, R. Oà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢Driscoll, M. (2000). The Bullying Culture.Oxford: Butterworth Hein emann. Health and Safety Executive. (2007). Why tackle work-related stress? Accessed at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/why.htm on 9/04/2007. Heames, J. Harvey, M. (2006). Workplace bullying: a cross-level assessment. Management Decision, Volume 44, Number 9, 2006, pp. 1214-1230(17). Hoel, H. Beale, D. (2006). Workplace Bullying, Psychological Perspectives and Industrial Relations: Towards a Contextualized and Interdisciplinary Approach. British Journal of Industrial Relations, Volume 44, Number 2, June 2006, pp. 239-262(24). Holme, C. A.(2006). Impact not intent. Industrial and Commercial Training, Volume 38, Number 5, 2006, pp. 242-247(6). Lee, R. Brotheridge, C.(2006). When prey turns predatory: Workplace bullying as a predictor of counteraggression/bullying, coping, and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Volume 15, Number 3, September 2006, pp. 352-377(26). Legge, K. (2005). Human Resource Management. Rhetorics and Realitie s. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. McElhaney, M. (2004). Aggression in the Workplace: Preventing and Managing High-Risk Behavior. Indiana: Authorhouse. Mullins, L.J. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Namie, G. Namie, R. (2000). The Bully at Work: What You Can Do Illinois: Sourcebooks. Olsen, H. (2005). Workplace Bullying and Harassment: A Toolbox for Managers and Supervisors. New Zealand: CCH. Olson, B. J. Nelson, D. L. Parayitam, S. (2006). Managing aggression in organizations: what leaders must know. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, Volume 27, Number 5, 2006, pp. 384-398(15). Peyton, P.R. (2003). Dignity at Work: Eliminate Bullying and Create a Positive Working Environment. Oxford: Routledge. Pynes, J.E. (1997).Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. New York: Jossey-Bass. Randall, P. 1997). Adult Bullying: Perpetrators and Victims. Oxford: Routledge. Rayner, C. Hoel, H. Co oper, G.L. (2001). Workplace Bullying: What Do We Know, Who Is to Blame and What Can We Do? London: Taylor Francis. Riggio, R.E. Smith Orr, S. (eds.) (2003)Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations. New York: Jossey-Bass. Robbins, S.P. Judge, T.A. (2006). Organizational Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Meglich-Sespico, P. Faley, R. Knapp, D.(2007). Relief and Redress for Targets of Workplace Bullying. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Volume 19, Number 1, March 2007, pp. 31-43(13). Stalker, K (2000). à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"The Individual, the Organisation and the Psychological Contractà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢, the Institute of Administrative Management, July/August 2000, pp. 28,34. TUC. (2006). Bullying / Violence at Work. Accessed at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/h_and_s/index.cfm?mins=30 on 12/04/2007. UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line. History and Statistics. (Date not given a). Accessed at: https://www.bullyonline.org/workbully/worbal.htm on 9/04/20 07. UK National Workplace Bullying Advice Line. (Date not given b). Bullying in the charity sector, voluntary sector and non-profit sectors. Accessed at: https://www.bullyonline.org/workbully/voluntary.htm on 9/04/2007. Wolf, T. Carter, B. (1999). Managing a Nonprofit Organization in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Free Press. Appendix 1: Questionnaire personnel representatives Do you have a statement of commitment from senior management regarding bullying or a clear statement that bullying and harassment will not be tolerated? BQ Ltd. Yes, this was produced some time ago about 3 years. There was a specific action to include this in the company literature. It states that bullying and harassment will not be tolerated at any level. Cancer Research UK Our senior management team are aware of the possibilities for bullying and/or harassment for our volunteers and would not tolerate it. There is no formal written statement regarding this. Do you have examples of unacceptable behaviour to illustrate what constitutes bullying and are these communicated to those who work for you? BQ Ltd. Yes, in our personnel policy on bullying and harassment, there is a full description of the types of behaviour that would be considered to be unacceptable. All employees receive an induction which covers the policy. Cancer Research UK We believe that this would be too limiting and that it would limit us in being able to take action should an incident occur that was not covered in the examples. We have a policy that states that bullying and harassment will not be tolerated. All our volunteers have access to this document. What type of behaviours would you constitute as being bullying? BQ Ltd. Our policy gives the examples of personal insults, constant, unsupported criticism, ridiculing in public or face-to-face, aggression, swearingà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦things like that Cancer Research UK Picking on someone, being rude, discriminating against someoneà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. Does your policy state that bullying and harassment may be treated as disciplinary offences? BQ Ltd. Yes, in our personnel policy on bullying and harassment the actions that the company may take in reply to incidents are set out and are the same as the disciplinary procedure. Cancer Research UK Yes, we state this categorically. What steps does the organisation take to prevent bullying and harassment? BQ Ltd. As well as having a written statement and a policy which is included in induction, we arrange regular awareness training for managers and supervisors. We also conduct regular staff attitude surveys in which they are asked whether they have been bullied. We monitor our leavers and conduct exit interviews too which include a question on whether they feel they have been subjected to bullying and we report to the board of director on any actual or threatened legal action. Actions related to accusations of bullying would be included in this. Cancer Research UK We have a specific policy on bullying and harassment and would encourage individuals to report any cases. We have a regular survey of our volunteers where they are asked about their working relationships with their colleagues and believe any incidents of bullying would be highlighted in these. We have regular meetings with shop managers in which we would raise any issues we felt were important such as bullying. What are the specific responsibilities of supervisors and managers in terms of identifying and managing bullying and how are these communicated to them? BQ Ltd. As I said, all our manager undergo regular awareness sessions on issues including bullying. They all undergo a management or supervisory training programme which covers all aspects of their work including their re iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-91591779482875102492019-12-31T18:26:00.001-08:002019-12-31T18:26:03.315-08:00Milgram s Research On Obedience Essay - 1067 Words Why did Milgram decide to study this topic? What was the motivating factor/event that inspired Milgram to research obedience? â⬠¢ The main reason that Milgram decided to study the topic of obedience was to better understand the extreme inhumane conditions that Jews faced during the holocaust at the hands of German soldiers. Over the 12 year period between the early 1930ââ¬â¢s through the mid 1940ââ¬â¢s millions of Jews died in death camps run by Germans. Since Milgram himself was of Jewish descent, Milgram wanted to know how and why soldiers obeyed orders to kill innocent people. What was hypothesized? You may not find an explicit hypothesis in the article, but do your best to write a summary of what Milgram thought he might find when conducting the experiment. â⬠¢ In this experiment Milgram hypothesized, how far participants were willing to carry out commands from a peer who had greater power and authority over them; even if these commands went totally against their values. How many participants (called subjects in the article) were observed, how were they selected, and how would you describe them? â⬠¢ In the Milgram obedience study 40 males participated in the experience, all of participants were selected based on a newspaper article ad that Milgram placed. It stated that if they participate in an experiment at Yale University they would be paid a sum of $4.50, which at the time was a large amount of money. Of the 40 men that were selected their ages ranged from 20 years oldShow MoreRelatedStanley Milgram s Research On Obedience863 Words à |à 4 PagesStanley Milgram s groundbreaking studies on obedience certainly shocked the world with their electrifying results. The experiment that Milgram conducted included ordinary people delivering ââ¬Å"shocksâ⬠to an unknown subject, which caused much controversy to occur and raised many questions in the psychological world. 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Nurture - 1688 Words In our society there are many controversial topics that are discussed amongst many of us. Sociology reveals those topics and shines a light on them. Without sociology, we wouldn t be able to decipher what we think is ââ¬Å"common senseâ⬠, from actual facts and evidence. After carefully studying an abundance of data from things such as experiments, statistics, and the macro perspective of experiences, only then can we find what we think may be the truth. A specific example of a controversial sociological topic is the debate of nature v. nurture. This debate has been going on for a very long time, and it really depends on who you talk to about it. What nature v. nurture refers to is that you are either the person you are because of heredity, or you are who you are because of society and are thus, a product of your environment. People s experiences and own personal findings affect how they see this particular subject matter. If you were to ask John Locke, he would tell you that â â¬Å"a child s mind is a (blank slate). They become what they are taught to be.â⬠(Thio) Now this probably makes sense to you, at least to some degree. But to others this doesn t make sense at all. Some people, whether conscious or unconscious of it, will blame almost anything on heredity. Things like ââ¬Å"You got that attitude from your mother.â⬠or ââ¬Å"Your father used to say that same thing when he was your age.â⬠The question is, was it really passed down to you, or did you learn it? Things like this are the entireShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers1314 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe debate over nature versus nurture. With that debate going on there are many topics that are being researched under it, like serial killers, and what drives them to do what they do. Many scientists are still researching whether or not if serial killers are driven by the way they were raised or if it is a part of their genes. 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Capote develops Perry Smithââ¬â¢s horrid, unfortunate upbringing as a key narrative device which serves to illustrate the effect of childhood experiences on adult behaviour. Capote manipulates the readerââ¬â¢s idea of morality, controversially portraying PerryRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Childhood Obesity1510 Words à |à 7 PagesIan Duffy Nature v. Nurture in Childhood Adiposity The nature versus nurture debate is one of the most longstanding arguments in the history of psychology and it aims to determine what has greater influence on personal development; oneââ¬â¢s genes and inherited qualities compared to oneââ¬â¢s environment. This debate is especially interesting in the study of childhood obesity. 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The criteria to diagnose a person with an antisocial personality disorder according to the DSM-V is a ââ¬Å"pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 year.â⬠According to this criteria Richard would have been diagnosed with this personality disorder. For example, according to the DSM someone who suffersRead MoreSymbolism and Metaphor In The Humbling River by Maynard James Keenan1399 Words à |à 6 Pagestranscend human nature?â⬠have been a subject of debate for philosophical and theological thinkers for centuries. In recent history, scientific discoveries have led to a resurgence of these ancient debates that break down into three primary schools of thought. There are those who believe that we, like the rest of the animal kingdom, have certain basic ââ¬Å"programmingâ⬠that deter mines our fundamental nature, and those who believe that human beings are born ââ¬Å"tabula rasaâ⬠and that nurture determines who iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7198138198799361454.post-58275558596928594932019-12-15T10:43:00.001-08:002019-12-15T10:43:03.588-08:00Building and Planting Vegetable Gardens Free Essays The structure of your vegetable garden does not have to be entirely functional but it should also look and feel good. Building some decorative arches and some tomato cages not only makes your garden look good but also helps it produce more crops. After all, there is more to planting vegetable gardens than just cultivating a spot of land. We will write a custom essay sample on Building and Planting Vegetable Gardens or any similar topic only for you Order Now Function Over Form The most well known form garden structures are those that are built to sustain plants and give them the room to climb, hold up the weight of its fruits and other plants as well. Building cages and poles lets you have a vertical garden which boosts your produce per square foot since youââ¬â¢ll have more space to plant in the ground. Vegetables like cucumbers, peas, peppers and eggplants need lots of garden support. Carrying these vegetables above ground not only will produce better crop it also protects it from insects found in the soil. Plus, the fruits will be less likely to rot if planted this way. Building other support structures like stakes and cages will help in making your plants grow stronger and taller. Choose Your Structure. If you plan to shop for things for your garden online or in a garden store, youââ¬â¢ll notice how many choices there are when it comes to garden structures. A great online garden resource is a company called Garden Supply Company. Not only do they have a mail-order catalogue, they make trellises for plants like cucumbers that serve as a shade to neighboring plants, tomato cages, spiral supports, bean towers, maypoles and others. Garden structures may vary especially in terms of form and function because they not only are very supportive of plants it also makes your garden look ood. The best kind of garden is not only beautiful, but also enhances the health of the vegetables planted there. Form over Function There are so many options when it comes to building your vegetable garden especially if youââ¬â¢re purpose is purely aesthetic. You can build ornaments like arches, trellises or archways to beautify your garden. You can even build walls or doorways to surround your garden for a more visual appeal. For gardens like these, you can decorate them with plants aside from vegetables. You can plant beautiful flowers to cover your trellis but choose flowers that are sun friendly and attract helpful insects. An example is trumpet flowers, which are not only beautiful but they attract bees for your vegetable garden. Since you also want to attract helpful creatures, you can build a bird bath or a bird house in your garden. If youââ¬â¢re particularly into organic gardening, the birds can certainly help eliminate pests As long as you keep your garden attractive to birds and other helpful insects, they will spend a lot of time in your garden and repay you by eating away harmful pests. Supporting Your Plants Building plant supports are essential garden structures which is why itââ¬â¢s necessary to use them in the proper way to maximize results. This does not mean building stakes or cages in the ground and leave the plant to grow on its own. There are other materials like plant ties, jute cords or twines which you can use to tie up your plant to the cages or poles but donââ¬â¢t tie them too tight. Another great support when it comes to planting vegetables gardens are stakes. Make sure to drive them properly into the ground and space them a little further from your main plant to avoid hitting its roots. How to cite Building and Planting Vegetable Gardens, Papers iseasranfe1986http://www.blogger.com/profile/05664011396502318858noreply@blogger.com0